Replication Data for: High-Profile Criminal Violence. Why Drug Cartels Murder Government Officials and Party Candidates in Mexico (doi:10.7910/DVN/VIXNNE)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
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Replication Data for: High-Profile Criminal Violence. Why Drug Cartels Murder Government Officials and Party Candidates in Mexico

doi:10.7910/DVN/VIXNNE

Harvard Dataverse

2019-06-18

1

Trejo, Guillermo; Ley, Sandra, 2019, "Replication Data for: High-Profile Criminal Violence. Why Drug Cartels Murder Government Officials and Party Candidates in Mexico", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VIXNNE, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:BcqInKD9NBX3NkI48CdqpQ== [fileUNF]

Replication Data for: High-Profile Criminal Violence. Why Drug Cartels Murder Government Officials and Party Candidates in Mexico

doi:10.7910/DVN/VIXNNE

Trejo, Guillermo (University of Notre Dame, Department of Political Science)

Ley, Sandra (CIDE, Political Studies Division)

Harvard Dataverse

Ley, Sandra

Ley, Sandra

2018-11-01

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VIXNNE

Social Sciences, organized crime, criminal governance, high-profile violence, turf wars, partisan vertical fragmentation, election cycles

This article explains a surprising wave of lethal attacks by drug cartels against hundreds of local elected officials and party candidates in Mexico, 2007-2012. These attacks are puzzling because criminal organizations prefer the secrecy of bribery over the publicity of political murder. Scholars suggest that war drives armed actors to attack state authorities in search of protection or rents. Using original data of high-profile attacks in Mexico, we show that war need arguments underexplain violence. Focusing on political opportunities, we suggest that cartels use attacks to establish criminal governance regimes and conquer local governments, populations, and territories. We present quantitative and qualitative evidence showing that cartels took advantage of Mexico's political polarization and targeted subnational authorities who were unprotected by their federal partisan rivals. Cartels intensified attacks during subnational election cycles to capture incoming governments and targeted geographically adjacent municipalities to establish controls over large territories. Our findings reveal how cartels take cues from the political environment to develop their own de facto political domains through high-profile violence. These results question the widely shared assumption that organized criminal groups are apolitical actors.

This dataverse includes the relevant .do and .dta files for replicating the analyses reported in the manuscript. Please see the ReadMe file for more information on how to use these materials.

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>

• Number of cases: 12108

• No. of variables per record: 36

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:p1pp2c4CbQDwUalH2VRt7w==

Dataset used for regression models and maps

• Number of cases: 18

• No. of variables per record: 4

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:9ezlpIIoqYOvaRuP82KsGA==

Database to generate Figure 1

• Number of cases: 6

• No. of variables per record: 3

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:VFVABkTNZpooiqhCTn+CZQ==

Database to generate Figure 2

• Number of cases: 4

• No. of variables per record: 3

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:U2HEUnpN81kbjmRM0ZHQqw==

Database to generate Figure 3

• Number of cases: 6

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:xWeYrhGIsvBonzY1bMjv8g==

Database to generate Figure 4

• Number of cases: 42

• No. of variables per record: 5

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:lXGS2V/Lcc10cVC3jpNxcQ==

Database to generate Figure 5

• cve_inegi - Municipal INEGI code
• state - State name
• municipality - Municipality name
• year - year
• aggr_sum - Total number of attacks
• aggr_dummy - =1 if positive count of attacks, 0 o.w.
• cvmr1000 - Drug-related murder rate per 1,000 pop (CVM)
• menfeje1000 - Drug-related murder rate per 1,000 pop (Govt)
• juxt1 - PAN, PAN, PAN
• juxt2 - PAN, PAN, PRI/PVEM
• juxt3 - PAN, PAN, PRD/PT/CONV
• juxt4 - PAN, PRI, PAN
• juxt5 - PAN, PRI, PRI/PVEM
• juxt6 - PAN, PRI, PRD/PT/CONV
• juxt7 - PAN, PRD, PAN
• juxt8 - PAN, PRD, PRI/PVEM
• juxt9 - PAN, PRD, PRD/PT/CONV
• juxtaposition - Juxtaposition index
• juxt_cvm - Juxtaposition*CVM
• elect_local - Election year at the local level (governor and/or mayor)
• elec_cvm - elect_local*CVM
• elect_fed - elect_fed
• lag_neightotal - Attacks among neighbors, t-1
• perc_tax - % municipal income derived from tax collection
• mpoff1000 - Public prosecutor offices per 1,000 pop.
• alternancia_mun - =1 if party alternation in municipal office, 0 o.w.
• alternancia_st - =1 if party alternation in gubernatorial office, 0 o.w.
• enp_mun - Effective number of parties at the municipal level
• enp_st - Effective number of parties at the gubernatorial level
• center - center
• northcenter - northcenter
• north - north
• gulf - gulf
• pacific - pacific
• southeast - southeast
• southwest - southwest
• year - Year
• total - Total
• authorities - Government officials
• parties - Party candidates & activists
• level_gov
• position
• percentage
• party
• authority
• activist
• party
• mayor_perc
• attack_perc
• h
• h2
• state
• year
• attacks
• election
• id

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1001.0; Valid 12108.0; Max. 32058.0; Mean 19265.662619756302; StDev 8049.623993393807

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:G8dTKBWe7hyXM30HrHLgGQ==

f3300747 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:oPkPK9P6+OFcylrUWdo17Q==

f3300747 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:I5LEz/9tZxSfxEob0y35CQ==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2009.5; Min. 2007.0; Valid 12108.0; Max. 2012.0; StDev 1.7078956566871022

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:U3LBPku1YyKVed9V7b02xg==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 3.0; Valid 12108.0; StDev 0.18469832809796707; Mean 0.025685497191939508;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LiG+FlNRX2Od/tnwnIIwaQ==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.14523455907021804; Mean 0.021555996035678458; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 12108.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/x4ZZMSg8mCfuPw0nNZEQw==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 12095.0; Mean 0.03206471131050273; StDev 0.2895220852068327; Min. 0.0; Max. 16.37967300415039;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hFa66tmHYv4gifcZQqDm8A==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 10079.0; Max. 19.52960968017578; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.09492215823657532; StDev 0.47849825894192305

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ukMbcoxJMu6rZfZIxp5kSQ==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.314452923100953; Max. 1.0; Valid 12108.0; Mean 0.11124876114965293; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8+1ljwJY/hWIUoK+Z0X3aA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 12108.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.2970381419337113; Mean 0.09778658738024408

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:V8PoPGNcKHC/D5JnWW839Q==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.023042616451933087; Max. 1.0; Valid 12108.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.15004503880699493;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Qlc6PUznxE7bgkg41ON2xA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.347419047376369; Mean 0.14040303931285444; Valid 12108.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:XyJ6eyWvwBW8qjycL7UXNw==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.35678889990089246; Min. 0.0; Valid 12108.0; StDev 0.4790715353746982; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qIEmfL1ygIUAi02CK8R4Ow==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 12108.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.08159894284770304; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.2737640320189345;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mWeVxlqy8CaZ0zkgD1QHbA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 12108.0; StDev 0.1770020261044729; Mean 0.03237528906508262;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tTD7zsTZ4Jnkbi/IWu1MHA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 12108.0; StDev 0.2735113955794451; Mean 0.08143376280145438

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IWJrl0iswEbHn64wD8ruFw==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.060125536835150546; StDev 0.23772909843114173; Valid 12108.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GOOKiTCihhKMv7k4l/985A==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 2.187271940792916; Max. 8.0; Valid 11924.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 3.7017779268701343;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Zn9fV7/vWJDwSykeGdFoKQ==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 1.136860293362496; Mean 0.12850176894980592; Valid 11918.0; Max. 65.51869201660156

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:h3VUfTSa/OkZDAhp8CQWtw==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4842812099313389; Valid 12108.0; Mean 0.375536835150314; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:E/dv5/b0wyZlRfJtsUoi4g==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.2057759176835665; Valid 12095.0; Mean 0.012135376120328738; Max. 16.37967300415039; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hj/R18N4rVR/R23R5KvHgg==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.411911034741246; Min. 0.0; Valid 12108.0; Mean 0.2165510406342927; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DqAeWcqsxe8/bzLSOY0sGA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.549615695416183; Max. 11.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.13981160138819781; Valid 12102.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YZkKauq3nQimy5oe1gv0IA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 5.405378289039954; Max. 51.3466; Mean 3.8994087696828443; Min. 0.0; Valid 9869.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rTV3sVrDjChTjo9lRAWa/A==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.04810288752208242; Max. 0.7987220883369446; Valid 12096.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.0238145785490738

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0+UblJUW2kwu4ZuOjxRqfA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 12104.0; Mean 0.6135988103106425; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.48694445277957765

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:m4pv3URjd5xhxZuddWhYvg==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.2657746944169231; Valid 12108.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.44176308588361735

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hcZH8fNKHNOr9q/nWNo0cg==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 12088.0; StDev 0.7701451224502873; Mean 2.475044418596956; Min. 0.959171; Max. 6.87633

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:prtgPOuJJ4rsVgd896f47g==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 12108.0; Max. 3.29503; Min. 1.9541; StDev 0.35391968692859127; Mean 2.4563662033366374

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7Wg5Uzpj45ccAsn5RBoFYg==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.2572679220350286; Min. 0.0; Valid 12108.0; StDev 0.43714633822778237; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pLV72s7UVc9pqhAamz950g==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 12108.0; Mean 0.09456557647835606; StDev 0.2926260419159259

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MNnDNgiBAegRyV9O6AWgYA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 12108.0; StDev 0.3533055174777176; Mean 0.14618434093161511; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:n5UHnQ+NUcSx2TXnCJKUbA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.13478691774033844; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.34150993681187636; Max. 1.0; Valid 12108.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KDGfOPlw9tbFNNn3hCeulg==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.13280475718532594; Valid 12108.0; StDev 0.3393776158486673; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:U4MmhzCvqQ5zkDx01l+SmA==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 12108.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.24285351735614366; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.06293359762141562

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uP+3P0gTuGFDUWsafTjGLQ==

f3300747 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3769232776344296; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.1714568880079327; Valid 12108.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:OMOaJn8uRaVnFX9Cg29Blw==

f3300743 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 5.338539126015656; Mean 2003.5; Min. 1995.0; Max. 2012.0; Valid 18.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:x6oOTeTSfa9eWVqicPg+nw==

f3300743 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 18.0; Mean 20.222222222222218; Min. 0.0; Max. 89.0; StDev 26.322782696532844

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:VVmzYedsQ93VbXlI//IBaQ==

f3300743 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 12.5; Max. 46.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 15.378556499229699; Valid 18.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uFQPQ93kIKXgLo1lJXROWQ==

f3300743 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 7.7222222222222205; Max. 43.0; Valid 18.0; StDev 11.86098674377253

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dKCEMOr4dIoioMEavT7ieA==

f3300742 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:SJ6mGbP6RQ+h56YWuUXi6A==

f3300742 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:ITcI7RGc7v9IEB1QvPvp/w==

f3300742 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 85.4800033569336; Mean 33.33333373069763; StDev 40.00563858283654; Min. 3.2100000381469727; Valid 6.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T9sYYkyLVEoBFiYyM6flcA==

f3300744 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:lHe6ZeXpcIhqPyIUXRYxzA==

f3300744 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 25.330061200489567; Valid 4.0; Max. 60.959999084472656; Min. 1.600000023841858; Mean 24.997499853372574

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:b2iiB8sc6WLSyfVvjB3h3w==

f3300744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 42.970001220703125; StDev 13.273932518615927; Mean 24.22000026702881; Valid 4.0; Min. 12.5;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gkVYjlFZgQ61gHasm2wS3w==

f3300751 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:lKKme2ua+FqOP8u421z18g==

f3300751 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Max. 53.68960952758789; Min. 1.3567173480987549; Mean 24.999999821186066; StDev 22.107174217117883;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:51LZFegvLOH14jqlBs8Eag==

f3300751 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 42.40506362915039; Mean 24.604430317878723; StDev 15.013869391645432; Min. 6.962025165557861; Valid 4.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:E+K+5WbzFKXSAExZj47WRA==

f3300751 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 25.81988897471611; Max. 60.0; Mean 30.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tu2oZoOmZ83XIG+TJ2HQlg==

f3300751 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 4.0; StDev 25.81988897471611; Min. 0.0; Mean 30.0; Max. 60.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tu2oZoOmZ83XIG+TJ2HQlg==

f3300750 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:iKyCJCueAASzpUsZVBZatw==

f3300750 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 42.0; Max. 2012.0; Mean 2009.0; Min. 2006.0; StDev 2.0242433093898957;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fOqx/eMeMSQJp1XEwLpspA==

f3300750 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 39.0; StDev 6.628914595226084; Valid 42.0; Mean 5.642857142857143; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qcidSAe5S7g6Q79BY03gDA==

f3300750 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 40.0; Min. 40.0; Valid 12.0; Mean 40.0; StDev 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:srqz7e4bWjWkR7mavMwfoQ==

f3300750 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.5; Valid 42.0; Max. 6.0; StDev 1.728526794136782; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xXUfX/tlNVrMZ3pxjk8hHQ==

Label:

Codebook_HighProfileCriminalViolence.pdf

Text:

Codebook associated with main data file, "Dataset_HighProfileCriminalViolence.dta"

application/pdf

Label:

Figures_HighProfileCriminalViolence.do

Text:

Do-file to generate graphs, based on the indicated .dta file

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

ReadMe.pdf

Text:

Please read before using data

application/pdf

Label:

Tables_HighProfileCriminalViolence.do

Text:

Do-file to generate Table 1 and run regression models (Tables 2-4 and Appendix Table)

application/x-stata-syntax