Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation. (doi:10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ)

View:

Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.

doi:10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ

Harvard Dataverse

2021-07-08

1

Arriola, Leonardo; DeVaro, Jed; Meng, Anne, 2021, "Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:Nk/xhGPVreurGI55KFcKrQ== [fileUNF]

Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.

doi:10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ

Arriola, Leonardo (University of California, Berkeley)

DeVaro, Jed (California State University, East Bay)

Meng, Anne (University of Virginia)

Harvard Dataverse

Meng, Anne

Meng, Anne

2021-06-08

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ

Social Sciences

Incumbents in electoral regimes often retain power despite having to regularly compete in multiparty elections. We examine a specific channel through which incumbents can seek to prevent the emergence of a strong opposition that might threaten them in future elections. We present a formal model demonstrating that incumbents can strategically induce opposition fragmentation by appointing some opposition members to ministerial cabinet positions. Opposition politicians who have the opportunity to secure a cabinet position in an incumbent’s government tend to compete for office independently rather than coalescing into broad-based parties or electoral alliances. The model shows that weaker incumbents are more likely to rely on this cooptation strategy. Using original data on presidential elections across African countries in 1990-2016, we show that past cooptation of opposition politicians is associated with a more fragmented opposition field in subsequent elections.

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>

Arriola, Leonardo, Jed DeVaro, and Anne Meng. 2021. "Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation." American Political Science Review, 1-15. ​

10.1017/S0003055421000629

Arriola, Leonardo, Jed DeVaro, and Anne Meng. 2021. "Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation." American Political Science Review, 1-15. ​

• Number of cases: 135

• No. of variables per record: 50

• Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

UNF:6:Nk/xhGPVreurGI55KFcKrQ==

• country - country name
• ccode - country numeric code
• year - year of presidential election
• prescands - total number of presidential candidates running in election
• lag_prescands - lag of prescands
• prescands05pct - number of presidential candidates with >=.05pct vote share
• prescands1pct - number of presidential candidates with >=1pct vote share
• opp_dummy - 1 for opposition participation in cabinet
• opp_prop - opposition proportion of cabinet
• future_opp_prop - opposition proportion of cabinet in next incumbent spell
• party_pastfounder - incumbent party survives beyond founding leader
• govlegcoal - proportion of legislative seats controlled by incumbent
• avgseats - average number of cabinet seats in incumbent spell
• trs50 - 1 for presidential runoff system
• boycott - 1 for election boycott
• secround - 1 if election goes to second round
• count - count of post-Cold War presidential elections
• winner_voteshare - vote share of election winner (first round if in run-off system)
• incumb_win - 1 if incumbent or designated successor wins election
• incumb_vote - incumbent vote share (first round if in run-off system)
• dominantparty - 1 if incumbent controls legislative majority
• liberation - 1 if incumbent regime emerged from liberation struggle
• rebel_notlib - 1 if incumbent regime is post-conflict
• ethposner - Posner index of politically relevant ethnic groups
• ethfearon - Fearon index of ethnic fractionalization
• lngdp - log of GDP per capita (constant 2010 US dollar)
• lnpop - log of total population
• ln_oil - log of oil rents as percent of GDP
• wdi_internet - percent of population with internet access
• reve_fh_pr - Freedom House political rights score (reversed scale)
• v2x_polyarchy - VDEM electoral democracy index
• v2x_libdem - VDEM liberal democracy index
• v2xps_party - VDEM party institutionalization index
• v2elfrfair_ord - VDEM election free and fair
• v2elprescons - VDEM number of consecutive presidential elections
• v2elpeace - VDEM violence in election and campaign
• v2eldonate - VDEM disclosure requirements for campaign donations
• v2elpubfin - VDEM public financing available for parties/candidates
• v2elfrcamp - VDEM publicly financed media access for parties/candidates
• v2elpdcamp - VDEM paid campaign ads permitted in national media
• v2elpaidig - VDEM paid campaign ads permitted by interest groups/individuals
• v2psbars - VDEM barriers to parties
• v2elrstrct_v2 - VDEM candidate restriction by ethnicity, race, religion, language
• diff_pres - demeaned version of prescands for Appendix 4
• diff_opp - demeaned version of opp_prop for Appendix 4
• diff_future_opp - demeaned version of future_opp_prop for Appendix 4
• diff_winner - demeaned version of winner_voteshare for Appendix 4
• diff_partysystem - demeaned version of v2xps_party for Appendix 4
• diff_govlegcoal - demeaned version of govlegcoal for Appendix 4
• diff_founderparty - demeaned version of party_pastfounder for Appendix 4

f4788678 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:9OEmE/T3w6+MNetdiOLBBQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; StDev 10.280010066394592; Mean 18.422222222222224; Valid 135.0; Max. 35.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0a7kDLQVGE0OpaPxqVNr0Q==

f4788678 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:D8fHj21bAloSy/cpdNQ+0w==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 135.0; StDev 5.751659937774572; Mean 8.644444444444442; Min. 1.0; Max. 33.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gj/1cYfiavwlyQ+Rc4yGtw==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 8.12121212121212; Valid 99.0; StDev 5.799846456927391; Max. 32.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EVaAqkZPWLcBvOK7ZDwdkw==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 5.044444444444444; Valid 135.0; Max. 15.0; StDev 2.5241125724909668; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dlXQ5+HpAfuDRxg2kMDZqA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 15.0; Mean 4.637037037037038; Min. 1.0; StDev 2.367716348630732; Valid 135.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YNZdqDRnyMNUd4aeeyNgig==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6222222222222223; StDev 0.48663736025711185; Max. 1.0; Valid 135.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:1xCfkV7L+L9SI47N9y44Mw==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 135.0; StDev 0.2627892656798083; Max. 0.9230769276618958; Mean 0.23155485392996555; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ckGagu1CKcYI/PQVd7ppwA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 0.8809523582458496; StDev 0.2604994835803117; Mean 0.24344494853211546; Valid 87.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2E1s3cpJrqJJONYYqCsLwA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 135.0; Mean 0.3555555555555555; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.480464120558735; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DJG+P59s6P8mPx5vXE1J/Q==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.18666666746139526; Valid 130.0; StDev 0.1847604335892075; Mean 0.6728669918500461

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kqAJBAv5lKKgEUxIWq/rQQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 5.827440052514455; Valid 135.0; Mean 23.6868195215861; Min. 11.5; Max. 43.5

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:clpKcHYl5ZmsamiobBec7w==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 135.0; Mean 0.711111111111111; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.45493425253475167

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:wHF0CbevvVUx0XMgby2taQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 135.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.38989445922085364; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.18518518518518523;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:t8fk+a/kGhAQ1s/kW6ETkQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 135.0; Mean 0.19259259259259257; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3958044198220771

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CuSGyxDE1UIb/G2yXq6Thg==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Valid 135.0; StDev 1.3920329256572468; Max. 6.0; Mean 2.674074074074074;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:a2t8ZQGcL9SoBKvIElAfJQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 134.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.6130596993129644; StDev 0.18605612938206872; Min. 0.27000001072883606

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SUBL45lEH/nb5eRCwg0How==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.8181818181818181; Min. 0.0; Valid 132.0; StDev 0.38716392603275473; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:vTefgVBLYdt4pE5tYuT52g==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 132.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.20685991487569527; Mean 0.5957575729963455; Min. 0.11999999731779099;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ntEp9wtFhp777K32OXGQcg==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3565698633375719; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.8518518518518519; Valid 135.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:W1CTmgmhYO7MONNNAB8LJQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 135.0; Mean 0.125925925925926; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.33300149319797967; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bB4XvJ1StNfjVCGK0la1Iw==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.383749503702662; Valid 135.0; Mean 0.17777777777777776; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zOWUGj8UvcMOE5PQERGg5Q==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 132.0; StDev 0.2105516361646649; Mean 0.4190909092060546; Max. 0.800000011920929; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:I3A26UN+MHN4l918gF2AYA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.15078645102200053; Max. 0.953000009059906; Mean 0.7594198502657068; Valid 131.0; Min. 0.18000000715255737;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zhRV4SkeZjtYYGd8mnH0Ag==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 5.16992712020874; Valid 134.0; Max. 9.895894050598145; StDev 0.9278130878194104; Mean 6.800992769981498

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Uh2EPSO6fRxFQqtfmv2yKw==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 16.051815894112657; Min. 13.153576850891113; StDev 1.1565801336953947; Valid 134.0; Max. 19.014766693115234

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WctHDyZOwqOyBAWdGwoyNQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 135.0; Mean 0.30146775880345655; StDev 1.5703394147792593; Max. 3.8996434211730957; Min. -7.832400798797607

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JVwqX7+ZV1MNYGIVCJojEQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 8.310845925492837; Valid 135.0; Max. 48.05227375; Mean 4.648175000377778

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mIiDfaXN3e/9Knkj6rSMSA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 3.651851851851852; Valid 135.0; Max. 7.0; StDev 1.7334226281374885; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:aHkl1ZHZ8dpRY5O+eWBlww==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0949999988079071; StDev 0.15627997250707748; Valid 135.0; Max. 0.7440000176429749; Mean 0.418540742551839;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Ed1yIeB5zabqpOkxKFt7Dg==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.052000001072883606; Max. 0.6349999904632568; Valid 135.0; StDev 0.1585678007935765; Mean 0.2832074064623426

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kbGpyt3T8e4kyGTuoKI2fw==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.1403572399633478; Min. 0.19599999487400055; Max. 0.8539999723434448; Valid 134.0; Mean 0.47558209055395273;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/Y3SVTYenhtcvHSbITZJvA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 2.244444444444445; Max. 4.0; StDev 1.1026878062307341; Valid 135.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uQbhgqEBOOiQiQBJ/J/vog==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 12.0; StDev 2.8473606527040376; Valid 135.0; Mean 4.599999999999999; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0z4LU7Af5I7c50DHEcTf5g==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -4.551; Mean -1.0165671641791045; Valid 134.0; Max. 1.196; StDev 0.9547732986662505;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7kOH51V28N4T2uz9xhxwMQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -2.149; Valid 135.0; Max. 1.772; StDev 0.841310302239611; Mean -0.4366814814814815

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pcDLdUg7+mSCVpRgDubB3Q==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -1.776; StDev 0.9522558124465869; Valid 135.0; Max. 1.579; Mean -0.3182888888888889;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:e7HqU3DOD5678VTiymt33g==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9671179107559242; Mean 0.7891194029850747; Min. -1.902; Valid 134.0; Max. 2.418;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dlLeJr2f61P9It5xQdKG0g==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9315030758130274; Min. -1.469; Valid 134.0; Max. 2.674; Mean 0.1367462686567164;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sDCG49016Kg2TwXKYB/URA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.005; Min. -1.431; Valid 134.0; Mean 0.395455223880597; StDev 0.9286911690404451

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:e2DUvBywGT6/bpvIyQuv0A==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 2.661; Min. -1.258; Valid 135.0; StDev 0.8733111315269416; Mean 1.1433037037037037;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dNghWaq8/845FtHeEjobIg==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 135.0; StDev 0.4513967023178845; Mean 0.2814814814814814; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IEqunGQjTo5ZS+jGUiGqrQ==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 3.892804236398994; Mean 0.025925876476146463; Min. -11.333333969116211; Valid 135.0; Max. 14.666666030883789

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:FBk6TC/Z5clu1W41qUe79A==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 0.5128204822540283; Mean -0.0026433027390373337; Valid 135.0; StDev 0.16414400975774388; Min. -0.5400105118751526

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CCry6+x5vSA2pCJ8VNvR4w==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 87.0; Max. 0.4499572217464447; StDev 0.12405631767631523; Mean -3.1632852946246027E-9; Min. -0.29060879349708557;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kBgIpxonzcJFbWY5MFHH4g==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 0.30799996852874756; Min. -0.3633333146572113; Valid 134.0; StDev 0.124420823505529; Mean -7.462686174476236E-4

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sgvNQrjfPixjuyhrX+y7Og==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -0.09833335876464844; Mean -2.1128512145708537E-9; Valid 134.0; Max. 0.12139996886253357; StDev 0.037658611645802066

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:LkUd3yuMrnEJVF5zKdqYRA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 5.731215880083313E-10; Min. -0.3649275600910187; Valid 130.0; StDev 0.12834097107209022; Max. 0.43095237016677856

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uHm/YMmBN7YwaDz7jeaWUA==

f4788678 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -0.8333333134651184; Valid 135.0; Mean 5.4085696267741845E-9; StDev 0.31067251517062106; Max. 0.75;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:onHO042p3l1/eDwqIlEQcQ==

Label:

demo_subv_adm_code.do

application/x-stata-syntax

Label:

Online Appendices.pdf

application/pdf