Replication Data for: Getting on the Grid: A Field Experiment on Bottom-Up Political Pressure and Access to Essential Public Services (doi:10.7910/DVN/EO04JH)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Getting on the Grid: A Field Experiment on Bottom-Up Political Pressure and Access to Essential Public Services

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/EO04JH

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2026-03-09

Version:

1

Bibliographic Citation:

Thomas, Anjali; Gaikwad, Nikhar, 2026, "Replication Data for: Getting on the Grid: A Field Experiment on Bottom-Up Political Pressure and Access to Essential Public Services", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EO04JH, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:t5jItk6xdNKrSKXrwUcJPw== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for: Getting on the Grid: A Field Experiment on Bottom-Up Political Pressure and Access to Essential Public Services

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/EO04JH

Authoring Entity:

Thomas, Anjali (Georgia Institute of Technology)

Gaikwad, Nikhar (Columbia University)

Producer:

Anjali Thomas

Nikhar Gaikwad

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Anjali Thomas

Depositor:

Thomas, Anjali

Date of Deposit:

2026-02-09

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EO04JH

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences, public service provision, field experiment, bureaucratic politics, collective action, urban politics, civil society organizations

Abstract:

Water is essential for human life, yet governments frequently leave vulnerable citizens to rely on informal channels for access. What can motivate governments to provide public services such as water to citizens trapped in informality? We theorize how accessing state services involves distinct strategic interactions between citizens, bureaucrats, and politicians at different formalization stages. A large factorial field experiment in Mumbai's informal settlements reveals that a bureaucratic facilitation drive significantly improved citizens' ability to access municipal water connections in policy-eligible settlements, but only when combined with a bottom-up political coordination campaign targeting elected officials. While bureaucratic assistance helped citizens through the petitioning stage of the formalization process, political pressure was needed to ensure service delivery in the infrastructural stage more open to political influence. Our findings illuminate how specific citizen empowerment campaigns reshape the incentives of otherwise reluctant bureaucrats and politicians to provide marginalized groups their basic human rights.

Notes:

This dataset underwent an independent verification process, complying with the AJPS Verification Policy updated June 2023, which replicated the tables and figures in the primary article. For the supplementary materials, verification was performed solely for the successful execution of the code. The verification process was carried out by the Cornell Center for Social Sciences at Cornell University. <br></br> The associated article has been awarded the Open Materials Badge. Learn more about the Open Practice Badges from the <a href="https://www.cos.io/">Center for Open Science</a>. <br></br> <img src="https://socialsciences.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-04/materials_large_color.png" alt="Open Materials Badge " width="60" height="60"> <br></br> Open Materials Badge

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Sources:

Thomas, A., & Gaikwad, N. (2026). Replication Data for: Getting on the Grid: A Field Experiment on Bottom-Up Political Pressure and Access to Essential Public Services [Data set]. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EO04JH <br></br>

ML Infomap. 2011. Mumbai Ward Boundaries and Census Information, 2011. Princeton University Geospatial Center. Shapefile. <br></br>

BMC Election Department. MCGM General Election 2017, 2017 Winner Election Candidates Gazette. Available at https://portal.mcgm.gov.in. <br></br>

Data Access

Disclaimer:

The <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> and the Cornell Center for Social Sciences are not responsible for the accuracy or quality of data uploaded within the <i>AJPS</i> Dataverse, for the use of those data, or for interpretations or conclusions based on their use.

Notes:

This dataset is made available with limited information on how it can be used. You may wish to communicate with the Contact(s) specified before use.

Other Study Description Materials

File Description--f13447737

File: baseline_descriptivecovariates_cleaned.tab

  • Number of cases: 6884

  • No. of variables per record: 19

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:1KhS+M2lsGsQEGNaMEvP5g==

Data file containing variables used for descriptives from the baseline survey.

File Description--f13447738

File: merged_data_preserved_cleaned.tab

  • Number of cases: 9334

  • No. of variables per record: 45

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:JDokztKQg3wdcbCUc7bLEw==

Data file containing responses from endline survey merged with baseline survey.

File Description--f13447744

File: merged_midline_all_analysis_cleaned.tab

  • Number of cases: 8329

  • No. of variables per record: 37

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:GBUpQcIlT/v6nuarvlIjRg==

Data file containing responses from midline survey merged with baseline survey.

Variable Description

List of Variables:

Variables

cov_b95_income

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1000.0; Valid 6884.0; Mean 12493.303602556622; StDev 6427.224398597052; Max. 250000.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YYZf2DaoDE1JObkruRwB1w==

cov_b67b_contacted_corporator_past6m

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.1554328878559001; Valid 6884.0; StDev 0.3623431762344385

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MlIgtXzS8qxcE4X6m7y62g==

cov_b67c_contacted_mla_past6m

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.06711214410226556; Valid 6884.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.25023429074591014;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5LwBl4or4f+vifiDFGr4Xg==

cov_b67d_contacted_mp_past6m

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.015398024404416396; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.12313865319731417; Valid 6884.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:aXHywdLDgJ+G3A5qBGR01A==

cov_b117_corp_mla_mp_visited_pastyear_sum_yesses

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.1667064073449256; Valid 6884.0; Mean 0.8304764671702504; Min. 0.0; Max. 3.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2/HaB7TdlMOddoSvAPTZUA==

cov_b10_waterscarce

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5798954096455523; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.4936113020298817; Valid 6884.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6ZboYnBvFINSmEIv1HcSqA==

cov_b23_believes_bmc_water_better_quality

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.3459904542269474; Min. 0.0; Valid 6884.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.8609819872167356

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:A6rAMQ4ZiS+rE8mIDBpsqg==

cov_b24_believes_bmc_water_cheaper

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 6884.0; StDev 0.36711165331535023; Mean 0.8394828588030196

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:yFevWwqW5wbNHLC7WtGd4w==

cov_b113_voted_bmc_2017

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 6884.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.6249273678094119; StDev 0.48417683411675777

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bZQtDAUGykhVHPKV+l5QUg==

cov_b28h_locally_registered_voter

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.6436664729808246; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.47895017195136275; Min. 0.0; Valid 6884.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YNxQGQ4vV4Cm5Va8qv8bWA==

cov_b67a_contacted_bmcofficial_past6m

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 6884.0; Mean 0.07423009877977933; StDev 0.26216402352773494

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Wc9z0B4XdewUSJp6eek1hg==

cov_b25_has_electricity

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4882794024356327; Mean 0.6077861708309135; Max. 1.0; Valid 6884.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:xgLuN0ZeqC1O/AX/KIUJYA==

cov_b44_has_patta

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.6475886112725203; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 6884.0; StDev 0.47775596126877595

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:1wzHhKTmH84ajC6JOWU0yw==

cov_b27_has_inhouse_toilet

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 6884.0; Mean 0.12173155142359778; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3269992564455836; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:XHDHp+wfW0p6SGI/B/Ltzw==

cov_b97_illiterate

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4811105738316272; Mean 0.36374201045903604; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 6884.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TiwRAr3uTFknaJefUz5jEA==

cov_b105_muslim

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.37899477048227637; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.48517206070856356; Valid 6884.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:M/h6iHUcpQPHXinoIQhnIQ==

cov_b107_sc_st

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.18622893666472878; StDev 0.38931958273065537; Min. 0.0; Valid 6884.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:7eVH/2+CTNQAiJTWVPlohw==

cov_b103_born_maharashtra

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 6884.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.3021499128413708; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.45922323246142727;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6Jq+JjKMZm16Jl8Ho83pqg==

cov_b104_fluent_marathi_speaker

f13447737 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.30200464846019753; Valid 6884.0; StDev 0.4591606109362902

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:w0G7GSzY8m8sgAaRBbKEJA==

dv.formalized

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 9334.0; StDev 0.4722813648345554; Mean 0.33576173130488574

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ENr7OrrZLOh2DsW2vp5YtQ==

dv.formalization.level

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.0; Mean 1.6219694702184988; Valid 6682.0; StDev 1.393481031477567; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QfzJktyZBoxVdWLbDhPiZA==

t1

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9304.0; StDev 0.499937400125022; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.5094582975064457

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MD2bZDdD1V2iwmOxEi+QmA==

t2

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.49979527853631955; Mean 0.48478680094278753; Max. 1.0; Valid 9334.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hqU4U4NfZy65SMHo5RrRLg==

t1ort2

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.7476965931004889; StDev 0.43435769890991877; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PuReGi3eChOvRfXTdHkP+A==

m_broker

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.20848000716969636; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.04553246196700207

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:V/tp0n5o0gGie212NbQzNQ==

cluster_id_baseline

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 100101.0; Max. 109201.0; StDev 2485.7052908408023; Mean 104387.33831640061; Valid 6890.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:PAv4jjsc2L4CGKByZoOZ8w==

cluster_id_endline

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 6682.0; Min. 100101.0; Mean 104345.17270278349; Max. 109201.0; StDev 2469.659908240672

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hhT97/ng7HxPTfVPwykuFg==

slum_id_endline

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 24.700679526010582; Min. 1001.0; Valid 6682.0; Max. 1092.0; Mean 1043.4217300209516

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Z2YuSEEu6zigmV1egijxyQ==

slum_id_baseline

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1001.0; Max. 1092.0; Valid 6890.0; Mean 1043.8100145137887; StDev 24.825201974402713

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:imiiHpiT/0atVJOx6ewgKQ==

t1_block_id

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 52.0; StDev 15.428129126479353; Valid 9304.0; Mean 20.403159931212393; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ees7egc9RtMiTGTQz8Upkg==

t2_block_id

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 8.0; Valid 9334.0; StDev 424.4833268361142; Mean 363.88354403256534; Max. 1002.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Vs3guT++svdUhk1+BClFuQ==

clus_wts

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.013397577933393703; Max. 0.166666666666667; Mean 0.01649882151274908; Valid 9334.0; Min. 3.77073906485671E-4;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Kcf8xq7X8aYc5kdQUvE0LQ==

slum_wts

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 3.77073906485671E-4; StDev 0.012655401112235422; Mean 0.008249410756374633; Max. 0.166666666666667; Valid 9334.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Jaa/vuZk8NmS4Km3bcWZCw==

cov_b_fpfrsp

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.150096421684163; Valid 9334.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.35718504212084046

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bZ7vXKdW58UFuem/0ab4Yg==

e_bmc_connection_2018to2020

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.32721075859089377; Mean 0.12191986286693589

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kn7Q3+RJETmO+8vYJ+Q2wg==

e_bmc_connection_2020to2022

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.14913220484252143; Valid 9334.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.35623782274742327

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2QOAbOsMFybhfFVwPIyR4w==

e_bmc_connection_aft2022

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.24602603073463233; Mean 0.06470966359545341; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:W54DkUptTjCC32QJgtxHpg==

cov_mayors_party_corporator

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4999920590630863; Valid 6682.0; Mean 0.4932654893744404; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:iq9LRfLnnGxz72a2LiYabw==

cov_marathi_corporator

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.471896392446005; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.6653696498054523; Valid 6682.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:t1E2RWB/PTlYiVqeKnjzMA==

cov_b_103_born_maharashtra

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.286693807585172; StDev 0.45224150608330066; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:06KM+hb8LEuFo9GLQM6LXw==

cov_share_slum_marathi_above_median

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.569102206985199; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4952283917779674; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:iTN+ya+gOCkDSUfn9c9CEw==

cov_mayors_party_corporator_AND_low_marathi_share

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.43930985499551867; Valid 9334.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.2611956288836382

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HyymPfgKoaUrha49Hfn1Lw==

cov_marathi_corporator_AND_low_marathi_share

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.30801371330620536; StDev 0.46169698190628405

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2kGnD/QIaG1YCctFd6j9Ng==

cov_b77_female

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.6207413756160276; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.48522854908748725

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9+pjScboZbFTGQ5mrb6RPw==

cov_b91_age

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 18.0; Max. 90.0; Mean 37.31786518058087; StDev 9.726017371981388; Valid 9331.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YykNgVXuRGMardF3jL5IAw==

cov_b97_literacy

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.369187915148918; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.4826107662030504;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:kdlCZH5NGJH5Ra4Bo+NJlQ==

cov_b95_income

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Mean 12543.260124276825; StDev 5616.788370720178; Max. 250000.0; Min. 1000.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:i9Brdfl2zwgIZ+vXn3UD3A==

cov_b96_assets

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.9852785389118657; Min. 0.0; Mean 2.8901864152560286; Max. 9.0; Valid 9334.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Pcc1Pe/JR1W3jWvnQ+yi0w==

cov_b44_patta

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.47257858000110786; Valid 9334.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6633811870580689

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Axw4GYXmU+BRpXiy4urCOw==

cov_b4_renter

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.19230769230769643; StDev 0.3941346044097179

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WntE4QHi1Hthi/vlee3Wdg==

cov_b25_electricity

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.6167773730447816; Valid 9334.0; StDev 0.48619787192175856; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:on0ruv2f5Ry+2eq3Xp/yVQ==

cov_b113_voted

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.8654381829869305; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.3412732221772506

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MZdcnqfJ809h4+kJHVfSaQ==

cov_b99_native

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.8767945146775225; Min. 0.0; Valid 9334.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3286905358010993;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MpOL3ETmIQ4uiFBBEB4TPg==

cov_b107_varna

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.3442320985896055; Mean 0.1373473323334042; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MQZdmdnq/5tOra/L5GcrVw==

cov_b105_hindu

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.49156405251603896; Mean 0.5916005999571468;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Gkbc33zZkra6xj22jffrSQ==

cov_b117_polvisit

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.0; StDev 1.0667584499692362; Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.6128133704735427; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zeSJDs0E6GmqhgDp3LWG3A==

cov_b10_waterscarce

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 9334.0; Mean 0.42779087208056593; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.49478487227919243;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:GirWnPxPdBjV3VDjMBl1+w==

cov_b7_waterbillever

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.033211913434754374; Min. 0.0; Valid 9334.0; StDev 0.17919911439794967; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0bynMc3L1IcW/nAX1zn1Zg==

cov_b11_fetchtime

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 180.0; StDev 11.410518965761662; Valid 9334.0; Mean 9.930763874008923; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UBdDm665/+zKM2xZcevRaQ==

cov_b_fp_fr

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.1383115491750605; StDev 0.3452451801814965; Min. 0.0; Valid 9334.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EsKI7GnIb2vNxSc9/ffhGg==

cov_tanker

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.03503321191343365; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.18387362009010924; Valid 9334.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:+VnakfCYGY+FdkwDmiYbSw==

neednoc

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4087992980096277; Min. 0.0; Valid 6682.0; Mean 0.7879377431906712; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gU2f3FNu4wGwLYFyz6zxTw==

e_backlash

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.010392114848939087; Valid 9334.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.10141607716298758;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:gvcpUpa57yD44jNQp3eNnA==

e_bmc_connection_timing

f13447738 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9610170727981575; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.6143132633383451; Max. 3.0; Valid 9334.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:CqW396NzPPgWo0SmOm54vg==

dv_submitted_form

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.43834746308668526; Max. 1.0; Valid 6268.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.25941289087428254;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jY4Pzcvrb8VsVkcRJrwOQQ==

dv_bmc_visited

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.07977026164645759; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.2709588165348937; Valid 6268.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:75Fd20R/CGu4TtxOvnx1pw==

dv_p_form_received

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.04754307594128919; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 6268.0; StDev 0.21281437323366512

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:M3gk+yuW5k4O5++TRDEY1w==

dv_formalized

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.08343969368219574; Valid 6268.0; StDev 0.2765677392782614; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MDZj7y1aTI01uTRUs7DVhg==

t1

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.5153079601392728; Valid 8329.0; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.49979561565763503

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Tt0T+zE1XGojT9RmJqRIpw==

t2

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.48517228959058417; Min. 0.0; Valid 8329.0; StDev 0.4998100957524895; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oROVwPmo7fb8uqMmKTrn5Q==

t1ort2

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Valid 6854.0; Mean 0.7548876568427155; StDev 0.43018517242736753; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Z9A6IkAv/Znu0Y2mbEzmDg==

dv_ngovisit_e

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4929738732537099; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.41624122527121643; Valid 6268.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:AladZfePmHxxc76Cca5jrg==

dv_wateract_me_e

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.41695193703528033; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.2239948947032559; Valid 6268.0; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WVAEkS4w2BrmfQ0kePUMfQ==

dv_took_wateract

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 6268.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.390439292481578; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.18761965539247039

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:K+2Uw5DPQflevHV+ATACAA==

id_slum

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1042.8988513082322; Max. 1092.0; Valid 6268.0; Min. 1001.0; StDev 25.017472342500586;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:p5/4syDCXteaSQ7ueMkZnA==

id_cluster

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 100101.0; Mean 104293.0813656669; Max. 109201.0; Valid 6268.0; StDev 2501.4056419333556

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5akQpdM+WmpuiBct+3vGdg==

clus_wts

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 0.33333334; Mean 0.01788930271287908; Min. 4.8520137E-4; Valid 8329.0; StDev 0.014714687855593156

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sPXeeroz0VAvo9qKRuz2ww==

slum_wts

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.00883704819127993; Min. 4.8520137E-4; Valid 8329.0; Max. 0.33333334; StDev 0.014151685066078034;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:TB7bXQXfLVuhMIZOgrqzxw==

t1_block_id

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 52.0; Valid 8329.0; StDev 15.433686117341173; Mean 20.324768879817064; Min. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:hPwSOUQTLv/FOSJZmx2uGQ==

t2_block_id

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 8329.0; Min. 8.0; Mean 371.8466802737267; StDev 427.1866150570415; Max. 1002.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:EQC6FCcudh1yqxlOCJbYfg==

id_bad_land_type

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; StDev 0.35810793962873444; Valid 8329.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.15103854004082504

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fR0loTX0RlERq1uw56QHzA==

cluster_id_baseline

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 100101.0; Valid 6863.0; Max. 109201.0; Mean 104389.42342998687; StDev 2489.894744746701;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:4g2LA8+kL7peK+z50N4vKA==

slum_id_baseline

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1043.8306862887953; Max. 1092.0; Valid 6863.0; Min. 1001.0; StDev 24.867064978505695

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:YOl32NvAqLBYwPMG8knKfQ==

cov_b77_female

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.48663403240963765; Mean 0.6149597790851236; Min. 0.0; Valid 8329.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ClEL8hEzZ/BT2mJVOdW3Ag==

cov_b91_age

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 2.0; Mean 37.492976347700804; StDev 11.32294813875238; Valid 8329.0; Max. 100.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Z3tdpDxgoHkPKWn7oqPtVA==

cov_b97_literacy

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.3693120422619759; Min. 0.0; Valid 8329.0; StDev 0.48264751742957945; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:SO8lVY606ngkoZjw3xDG4A==

cov_b95_income

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 12480.838275903507; StDev 6346.936231240542; Min. 1000.0; Valid 8329.0; Max. 250000.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:fChAf/hWij2q0L4Dm4Q/zg==

cov_b96_assets

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 9.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 8329.0; Mean 3.225957497898924; StDev 1.8209590685981107;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:i4ZuQsb7kisobIkMArmjTQ==

cov_b44_patta

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4777412423149344; Min. 0.0; Valid 8329.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.6476167607155704

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Wjfydi/SbSwjz0zVhevmng==

cov_b4_renter

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 8329.0; Mean 0.20938888221875052; StDev 0.40689686207358305;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oBJKgBVNjwthj+LZfSleKQ==

cov_b25_electricity

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; StDev 0.4866056504670116; Max. 1.0; Valid 8329.0; Mean 0.6150798415175888

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:87QV3ibrGbkLS+nr8IxhPQ==

cov_b113_voted

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 8329.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.354442528511321; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.8526833953655906;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Fm/jA1zZSKXPC4FvzyOKMA==

cov_b99_native

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 8329.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.32770192398002934; Min. 0.0; Mean 0.877656381318285

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:b0BPDbRf2P5wh8pG/iN9ow==

cov_b107_varna

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 8329.0; Mean 0.1536799135550525; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.36066329894745897; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Ou5o1x60YW6sBHARMBT7CQ==

cov_b105_hindu

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 8329.0; Mean 0.5891463561051744; StDev 0.492018284361514; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:VMvQC1OCouYc25xzSlgu7g==

cov_b117_polvisit

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 8329.0; StDev 1.104513634333114; Mean 0.6835154280225629

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/rY0Az0B4fWzy+qt5O96Qg==

cov_b10_waterscarce

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.47772841877775934; Valid 8329.0; StDev 0.49953371890318016; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tv/ZYS6CsST0G5u54q+byA==

cov_b7_waterbillever

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 8329.0; StDev 0.19106200169025248; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.037939728658902265

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bdR9z0WQNL+1GaJ7tkB8vw==

cov_b11_fetchtime

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 8329.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 11.523896408744879; Mean 11.09136751110557; Max. 180.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:jE8f51xWajkYuHEjNJ1HYw==

cov_b_fp_fr

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.13843198463200987; StDev 0.3453735537891595; Max. 1.0; Valid 8329.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:NBX+zj1vm1w+sEDuytH1KA==

cov_tanker

f13447744 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.0392604154160159; StDev 0.19422555027666713; Valid 8329.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:/oT0h1Yu29uS1cILwFkOGw==

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Code file to produce the figures and tables in the appendix except for Figure S2.

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Code file to produce Appendix Figure S2

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Read me file

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