Replication Data for the paper "Populism and Academic Freedom" (doi:10.7910/DVN/CSMZOX)

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Part 1: Document Description
Part 2: Study Description
Part 3: Data Files Description
Part 4: Variable Description
Part 5: Other Study-Related Materials
Entire Codebook

Document Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for the paper "Populism and Academic Freedom"

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/CSMZOX

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Date of Distribution:

2026-02-12

Version:

1

Bibliographic Citation:

Silva, Rui, 2026, "Replication Data for the paper "Populism and Academic Freedom"", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CSMZOX, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:12ng1rZVd7tthKeDVqH0Yw== [fileUNF]

Study Description

Citation

Title:

Replication Data for the paper "Populism and Academic Freedom"

Identification Number:

doi:10.7910/DVN/CSMZOX

Authoring Entity:

Silva, Rui (University of East Anglia)

Distributor:

Harvard Dataverse

Access Authority:

Silva, Rui

Depositor:

Silva, Rui

Date of Deposit:

2026-02-12

Holdings Information:

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CSMZOX

Study Scope

Keywords:

Social Sciences, Elections

Abstract:

Replication package for the paper "Populism and Academic Freedom". The README includes the Python code to extract weather ERA5 data.

Methodology and Processing

Sources Statement

Data Access

Notes:

<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>

Other Study Description Materials

File Description--f13456833

File: populism_academic_freedom.tab

  • Number of cases: 900

  • No. of variables per record: 59

  • Type of File: text/tab-separated-values

Notes:

UNF:6:12ng1rZVd7tthKeDVqH0Yw==

Dataset

Variable Description

List of Variables:
  • country - Country
  • year - Year
  • gen_el - (=1) if there was a general election
  • took_over - (=1) when the cabinet took over
  • turnout - turnout in the last general election
  • enp - Effective number of parties
  • av_ideo_gov - Average ideology of the cabinet
  • pop_pm - (=1) if the PM is populist
  • fr_pop_pm - (=1) if the PM is a far-right populist
  • fl_pop_pm - (=1) if the PM is a far-left populist
  • majority - (=1) if the cabinet coalition has a majority in the parliament
  • eu - (=1) if part of the European Union
  • gdp_pc_real - Real GDP per capita
  • acad_free_i - Academic Freedom Index
  • free_exch_diss - Freedom of Academic Exchange and Dissemination
  • free_res_tea - Freedom to Research and Teach
  • inst_aut - Institutional Autonomy
  • camp_inte - Campus Integrity
  • free_ac_cult - Freedom of Academic and Cultural Expression
  • free_exp - Freedom of Expression Index
  • alt_sour_inf - Alternative Sources of Information Index
  • av_prec - Average Precipitation in the last general election
  • av_temp - Average Temperature in the last general election
  • season - (=1) Spring; (=2) Summer; (=3) Autumn; (=4) Winter
  • countryn - Country
  • acad_free_i_std - Standardize Academic Freedom Index
  • free_exch_diss_std - Standardize Freedom of Academic Exchange and Dissemination
  • free_res_tea_std - Standardize Freedom to Research and Teach
  • inst_aut_std - Standardize Institutional Autonomy
  • camp_inte_std - Standardize Campus Integrity
  • free_ac_cult_std - Standardize Freedom of Academic and Cultural Expression
  • free_exp_std - Standardize Freedom of Expression
  • alt_sour_inf_std - Standardize Alternative Sources of Information Index
  • lngdp - Log of the real GDP per capita
  • pop_cab - (=1) if the cabinet coalition includes a populist party but the PM is not populi
  • fr_pop_cab - (=1) if the cabinet coalition includes a far-right populist party but the PM is
  • fl_pop_cab - (=1) if the cabinet coalition includes a far-left populist party but the PM is n
  • popl - Population size
  • lnpopl - Log of the population size
  • pop_seat - share of seats held by populists
  • frpop_seat - seats in the parliament held by radical right populists
  • language - =1 if the main language is not Germanic or Romance
  • flpop_seats - share of seats held by radical left populist parties
  • nr_pop_pm - =1 if non-radical-right populist PM
  • nr_pop_cab - =1 if non-radical-right populist junior coalition partner
  • nr_pop_seat - share of seats held by non-radical-right populists
  • pop_terms - number of terms by a populist party in office
  • seasonal_av - seasonal average
  • month_av - month average
  • pop_pm_a1 - first cabinet after a populist tenure
  • fr_pop_pm_a1 - first cabinet after a RR populist tenure
  • fr_pop_pm_a2 - second cabinet after a RR populist tenure
  • pop_pm_a2 - second cabinet after a populist tenure
  • z_cold - Standardized values of cold_sal
  • z_hot - Standardized values of hot_sal
  • bad_weather - Bad weather index
  • bad_weather1 - Bad weather index UTCI
  • bad_weather2 - Bad weather index (+2 degrees interval)
  • bad_weather3 - Bad weather index (-2 degrees interval)

Variables

Country

f13456833 Location:

Variable Format: character

Notes: UNF:6:72Zki+qQ4gTg8GKd8W5bkg==

Year

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 8.660254037844387; Min. 1995.0; Mean 2009.5; Max. 2024.0; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WbHPOkkCtGz1x8iM9Q2n4A==

(=1) if there was a general election

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.2677777777777777; Min. 0.0; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.4430473344364363; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rYTtcVRsC905WySbq9kbfQ==

(=1) when the cabinet took over

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.26000000000000006; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.43887813293995126

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:nmKk4a3xJcStZxIUT2Z2Tg==

turnout in the last general election

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.6882141111956706; StDev 0.134591862103596; Valid 900.0; Max. 0.9300000071525574; Min. 0.31949999928474426;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:5fq+3zPQm/pI22y06ATY7A==

Effective number of parties

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 4.336563790904151; Min. 2.117690086364746; StDev 1.461070359142175; Valid 900.0; Max. 9.698275566101074;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Fh2xIXm6IA7s7umEKtHZMw==

Average ideology of the cabinet

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 900.0; Mean 5.423692331843903; StDev 1.5922826400633046; Max. 8.699999809265137;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QObO65xtE32EG5P3gRz5jg==

(=1) if the PM is populist

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.331532025780555; Mean 0.12555555555555548; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:K6hbh5ErDfwJZLe9hHAy5g==

(=1) if the PM is a far-right populist

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.20619499562426596; Mean 0.04444444444444453; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QVJ7TrGcHiazwR0BIzaT6w==

(=1) if the PM is a far-left populist

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.010000000000000118; Max. 1.0; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.09955406689742703

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:9vIuS49Zw4eJCPqz2ZTDcw==

(=1) if the cabinet coalition has a majority in the parliament

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; Valid 900.0; Mean 0.75; StDev 0.4332534651590251

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:8J0TctaHxjoi9uPbbIttmg==

(=1) if part of the European Union

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 1.0; Mean 0.752222222222222; StDev 0.4319621213200826; Valid 900.0; Min. 0.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:ceRWhnqxIcWcO+ZuL/8ILw==

Real GDP per capita

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 48047.40939453123; StDev 22967.206262351134; Valid 900.0; Max. 142310.9375; Min. 10263.740234375;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HCg4hqOndCdygERWSs/57w==

Academic Freedom Index

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; Min. 0.30399999022483826; Mean 0.9214344456129604; StDev 0.07365617070715963; Max. 0.9800000190734863

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:QH9KnAQ3A4grxs0cs0QuxA==

Freedom of Academic Exchange and Dissemination

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.265357781194358; Max. 3.140000104904175; Valid 900.0; Min. -0.4390000104904175; StDev 0.573562062867423;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3WWKsaRIJYApENkEU8KfdQ==

Freedom to Research and Teach

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 3.4240000247955322; Min. -0.6850000023841858; Mean 2.2559430220356864; Valid 895.0; StDev 0.5991357156069032

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:chSIarqjwJoe905H7jESZg==

Institutional Autonomy

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 895.0; Min. -1.7050000429153442; Mean 1.8406849100290912; Max. 3.0889999866485596; StDev 0.7083399128244114

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:tC5ZHq12gkFn9omYBtRhQg==

Campus Integrity

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.5042849229700748; Max. 3.4000000953674316; StDev 0.6185018441679514; Min. 0.210999995470047; Valid 895.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WdAwcqw0KI+A6C34N+1hGw==

Freedom of Academic and Cultural Expression

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; StDev 0.6885778899718656; Mean 2.5101422152606148; Min. -0.17000000178813934; Max. 3.5309998989105225

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:q3xSlI6ddH++Onz4g6eoaA==

Freedom of Expression Index

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.06757298171121685; Valid 900.0; Min. 0.49900001287460327; Mean 0.9387866654660966; Max. 0.9919999837875366;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:6thwwYyk/oQO9GS/5LBu3w==

Alternative Sources of Information Index

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.36500000953674316; Max. 0.9760000109672546; Mean 0.9030266655815972; StDev 0.0850747709372363; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IPxnFcxe2KvD7a7vR1frfA==

Average Precipitation in the last general election

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 4.428509431509061; Valid 900.0; Max. 39.70000076293945; Min. 0.0; Mean 2.313978560971507;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:HQ5huevohuQMwBYvWINiGQ==

Average Temperature in the last general election

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 28.799999237060547; Min. -5.900000095367432; Mean 11.57705023667878; StDev 6.673673966917008; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:e/+4Rinw3e4vn96SIL4BHA==

(=1) Spring; (=2) Summer; (=3) Autumn; (=4) Winter

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 1.0; Mean 2.2888888888888874; Valid 900.0; Max. 4.0; StDev 0.9988251657715309

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:exQHE53DbIUf/nAijaBYYQ==

Country

f13456833 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

10.

France

30

30.

United Kingdom

30

12.

Greece

30

18.

Lithuania

30

11.

Germany

30

9.

Finland

30

17.

Latvia

30

22.

Poland

30

24.

Romania

30

5.

Cyprus

30

21.

Norway

30

14.

Iceland

30

13.

Hungary

30

8.

Estonia

30

25.

Slovakia

30

7.

Denmark

30

19.

Luxembourg

30

4.

Croatia

30

15.

Ireland

30

6.

Czechia

30

23.

Portugal

30

2.

Belgium

30

29.

Switzerland

30

16.

Italy

30

1.

Austria

30

26.

Slovenia

30

20.

Netherlands

30

3.

Bulgaria

30

27.

Spain

30

28.

Sweden

30

Summary Statistics: Max. 30.0; Valid 900.0; Mean 15.5; StDev 8.660254037844387; Min. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:yEbN9MAz4Lyd4kLCZRyZ5A==

Standardize Academic Freedom Index

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9999999914765756; Min. -8.382658004760742; Max. 0.7951208353042603; Mean -2.246267269143429E-7; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:KbxzQ11Yy//PmqLgnKRHNQ==

Standardize Freedom of Academic Exchange and Dissemination

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9999999650300038; Valid 900.0; Max. 1.5249305963516235; Mean 7.889750965587675E-8; Min. -4.71502161026001

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:IB/PG3bV0u7/T555Iy9rNA==

Standardize Freedom to Research and Teach

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 895.0; Min. -4.908642768859863; Mean -6.391890684179488E-8; Max. 1.9495699405670166; StDev 1.0000000293746556

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:uZWP8bIbBkuCzsS6DGgViQ==

Standardize Institutional Autonomy

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 895.0; Mean 2.472505486632172E-8; Max. 1.7623107433319092; StDev 0.9999999672659078; Min. -5.005626201629639

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:x8vkDhh1CRi0YVf+WUJO5g==

Standardize Campus Integrity

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.0631437399061653E-7; StDev 1.0000000084454683; Min. -3.70780611038208; Max. 1.4482014179229736; Valid 895.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:sSmoFb99FNdtv+BAPhwKUg==

Standardize Freedom of Academic and Cultural Expression

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.9999999956699149; Valid 900.0; Min. -3.8922863006591797; Max. 1.482559323310852; Mean -1.5732314820610722E-7

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:P7jVCZtvKmlnbrN+7aOumw==

Standardize Freedom of Expression

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; Max. 0.7874937057495117; Min. -6.508321285247803; Mean -2.964130702049545E-7; StDev 1.0000000093005177;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:P0R+MUOv1pKXeZrtdfycDQ==

Standardize Alternative Sources of Information Index

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -6.324162006378174; StDev 1.0000000327700203; Valid 900.0; Max. 0.857755720615387; Mean 2.9536491188590334E-7

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:Leb3+sh7KpxHfgRQ6L7B7Q==

Log of the real GDP per capita

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 11.865769386291504; StDev 0.4701999733731865; Valid 900.0; Mean 10.673249354892306; Min. 9.236372947692871

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:oPCGOthZ/J5itbw1JSQoww==

(=1) if the cabinet coalition includes a populist party but the PM is not populi

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.15999999999999992; StDev 0.36680989550968357; Max. 1.0; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:WTfPoiWh5nTGoccKx2sHUw==

(=1) if the cabinet coalition includes a far-right populist party but the PM is

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Valid 900.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.26797048705135457; Mean 0.0777777777777777;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rPBptLgF8q5hP5u7aRbo0g==

(=1) if the cabinet coalition includes a far-left populist party but the PM is n

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.008888888888888875; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.09391313104892923

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:x2g+dzUvkkqJdmsYKWU2yA==

Population size

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 17.115375583337393; Max. 84.71600341796875; Min. 0.2669999897480011; Valid 900.0; StDev 22.069832100819873;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:0yXtrtbbFcmCIuiSjlYsFA==

Log of the population size

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 1.3886639021559104; Min. -1.3205066919326782; Max. 4.439304351806641; Mean 2.0225382920354606; Valid 900.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:riWl4XsAu6IaW5fSUygI2Q==

share of seats held by populists

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; StDev 18.918188912567057; Mean 20.443750121527234; Min. 0.0; Max. 77.77777862548828

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bC+15xmHyYaqoOAB6WpQlg==

seats in the parliament held by radical right populists

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 72.36180877685547; Valid 900.0; Min. 0.0; Mean 10.764538710117344; StDev 14.194542371415661

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:DiIzu+oNHDwVwdDT8IiMoQ==

=1 if the main language is not Germanic or Romance

f13456833 Location:

Value

Label

Frequency

Text

1.

not pgr

390

0.

pgr

510

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.4958111521072793; Min. 0.0; Valid 900.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.4333333333333351;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mMtjuSF3dgrZzecChoi2AQ==

share of seats held by radical left populist parties

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 2.877129406713784; Min. 0.0; StDev 7.9368468211991265; Max. 48.33333206176758; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:JKjRkDXZgb2RLP7ywxhOIQ==

=1 if non-radical-right populist PM

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.08111111111111097; Max. 1.0; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.27315747166386556;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2dQwluyF0ssvQ4lI5a00JA==

=1 if non-radical-right populist junior coalition partner

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; Max. 1.0; StDev 0.27485572220021487; Mean 0.08222222222222207; Min. 0.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:qqaMXsFP6+VHkyDNCFyEsQ==

share of seats held by non-radical-right populists

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 66.0; StDev 14.762067368915801; Min. -3.299713134765625E-4; Valid 900.0; Mean 9.679211384356044;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:3iZyfl2sXAaPMkd66MyaOQ==

number of terms by a populist party in office

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; Mean 0.26333333333333364; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.8132591430874612; Max. 6.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:mL1xN4H823whbCR4UfmiVQ==

seasonal average

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; Min. -3.0002739429473877; Mean 9.34416735996803; Max. 23.227670669555664; StDev 5.636975979329344

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:E80WjILhmKwsldPzXXz9bg==

month average

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 24.05500030517578; StDev 6.171737042950054; Mean 9.753888908988898; Min. -4.614999771118164; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:rOdqJQ2crutXEEsmv/PmTQ==

first cabinet after a populist tenure

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 0.06444444444444444; Valid 900.0; Max. 1.0; Min. 0.0; StDev 0.24567951265636484;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:dBOQKLzEQWMS7L932+8rNQ==

first cabinet after a RR populist tenure

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: StDev 0.13620834369034307; Min. 0.0; Max. 1.0; Mean 0.01888888888888885; Valid 900.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:UpvnxhRgd+iRhufJqkphWw==

second cabinet after a RR populist tenure

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. 0.0; Mean 0.014444444444444425; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.11938022291003261; Max. 1.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:MVg8zowka4PY/gnPW4AA1Q==

second cabinet after a populist tenure

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -1.0; Mean 0.045555555555555544; Valid 900.0; StDev 0.21390022473720685; Max. 1.0

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:p93i5it55mYvmIfC3NdZCA==

Standardized values of cold_sal

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 4.910550594329834; Valid 900.0; Mean -9.198363584767617E-9; Min. -0.42745500802993774; StDev 1.000000009893955

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:zp5tlVfk52YnobqxTNbR/w==

Standardized values of hot_sal

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 1.1059974890864015E-8; Max. 6.6802873611450195; Min. -0.26812195777893066; Valid 900.0; StDev 1.0000000014114092;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:pVJzdXjhi6bsOO6rKyuOyA==

Bad weather index

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Min. -0.6955769658088684; Max. 6.252832412719727; Mean 4.8014855751837226E-9; StDev 1.3306107303021013; Valid 900.0;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:bTPqoYJgoLO31cUo5SGE3Q==

Bad weather index UTCI

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Max. 9.527588844299316; Min. -0.5374747514724731; Valid 900.0; Mean -3.0464595640230146E-8; StDev 1.3736536906909185

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:J9WUp/ROVCHDgE0GenmP+A==

Bad weather index (+2 degrees interval)

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Valid 900.0; Max. 7.695570945739746; StDev 1.3576288752068282; Mean -5.59621385565201E-9; Min. -0.5794843435287476;

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:2bDVrNs1s4E/sf5Csz6SZw==

Bad weather index (-2 degrees interval)

f13456833 Location:

Summary Statistics: Mean 9.553299794573532E-9; Valid 900.0; Max. 5.254994869232178; StDev 1.300778708540156; Min. -0.8086296916007996

Variable Format: numeric

Notes: UNF:6:T096Ia7Snkg4SzvqB8bqIQ==

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

do_populism_af.do

Text:

Do file

Notes:

text/x-stata-syntax

Other Study-Related Materials

Label:

README_AFI_POP.txt

Text:

README with information on how to extract weather ERA5 data

Notes:

text/plain