Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.doi:10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQHarvard Dataverse2021-07-081Arriola, Leonardo; DeVaro, Jed; Meng, Anne, 2021, "Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:Nk/xhGPVreurGI55KFcKrQ== [fileUNF]Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.doi:10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQArriola, LeonardoDeVaro, JedMeng, AnneHarvard DataverseMeng, AnneMeng, Anne2021-06-08Social SciencesIncumbents in electoral regimes often retain power despite having to regularly compete in multiparty elections. We examine a specific channel through which incumbents can seek to prevent the emergence of a strong opposition that might threaten them in future elections. We present a formal model demonstrating that incumbents can strategically induce opposition fragmentation by appointing some opposition members to ministerial cabinet positions. Opposition politicians who have the opportunity to secure a cabinet position in an incumbent’s government tend to compete for office independently rather than coalescing into broad-based parties or electoral alliances. The model shows that weaker incumbents are more likely to rely on this cooptation strategy. Using original data on presidential elections across African countries in 1990-2016, we show that past cooptation of opposition politicians is associated with a more fragmented opposition field in subsequent elections.<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0</a>Arriola, Leonardo, Jed DeVaro, and Anne Meng. 2021. "Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation." American Political Science Review, 1-15. ​10.1017/S0003055421000629Arriola, Leonardo, Jed DeVaro, and Anne Meng. 2021. "Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation." American Political Science Review, 1-15. ​demo_subv_adm_data.tab13550text/tab-separated-valuesUNF:6:Nk/xhGPVreurGI55KFcKrQ==country nameUNF:6:9OEmE/T3w6+MNetdiOLBBQ==country numeric code1.010.280010066394592.18.42222222222222419.0135.00.035.0UNF:6:0a7kDLQVGE0OpaPxqVNr0Q==year of presidential electionUNF:6:D8fHj21bAloSy/cpdNQ+0w==total number of presidential candidates running in election135.05.7516599377745720.08.6444444444444421.033.0.7.0UNF:6:gj/1cYfiavwlyQ+Rc4yGtw==lag of prescands.1.08.1212121212121299.05.7998464569273917.036.032.0UNF:6:EVaAqkZPWLcBvOK7ZDwdkw==number of presidential candidates with >=.05pct vote share5.0444444444444440.0135.04.0.15.02.52411257249096681.0UNF:6:dlXQ5+HpAfuDRxg2kMDZqA==number of presidential candidates with >=1pct vote share4.015.04.6370370370370381.00.02.367716348630732135.0.UNF:6:YNZdqDRnyMNUd4aeeyNgig==1 for opposition participation in cabinet0.00.62222222222222230.486637360257111851.0.1.00.0135.0UNF:6:1xCfkV7L+L9SI47N9y44Mw==opposition proportion of cabinet.135.00.00.26278926567980830.096774190664291380.92307692766189580.231554853929965550.0UNF:6:ckGagu1CKcYI/PQVd7ppwA==opposition proportion of cabinet in next incumbent spell48.00.00.8809523582458496.0.15957446396350860.26049948358031170.2434449485321154687.0UNF:6:2E1s3cpJrqJJONYYqCsLwA==incumbent party survives beyond founding leader.135.00.35555555555555550.00.4804641205587350.01.00.0UNF:6:DJG+P59s6P8mPx5vXE1J/Q==proportion of legislative seats controlled by incumbent1.05.00.18666666746139526130.0.0.18476043358920750.68952512741088870.6728669918500461UNF:6:kqAJBAv5lKKgEUxIWq/rQQ==average number of cabinet seats in incumbent spell22.6000003814697275.827440052514455.135.023.686819521586111.50.043.5UNF:6:clpKcHYl5ZmsamiobBec7w==1 for presidential runoff system1.01.0135.00.0.0.7111111111111110.00.45493425253475167UNF:6:wHF0CbevvVUx0XMgby2taQ==1 for election boycott.135.01.00.389894459220853640.00.00.185185185185185230.0UNF:6:t8fk+a/kGhAQ1s/kW6ETkQ==1 if election goes to second round0.0.0.0135.00.00.192592592592592571.00.3958044198220771UNF:6:CuSGyxDE1UIb/G2yXq6Thg==count of post-Cold War presidential elections1.0135.01.39203292565724680.0.6.02.6740740740740743.0UNF:6:a2t8ZQGcL9SoBKvIElAfJQ==vote share of election winner (first round if in run-off system)1.0134.01.0.0.58999997377395630.61305969931296440.186056129382068720.27000001072883606UNF:6:SUBL45lEH/nb5eRCwg0How==1 if incumbent or designated successor wins election.1.00.81818181818181813.00.0132.00.387163926032754731.0UNF:6:vTefgVBLYdt4pE5tYuT52g==incumbent vote share (first round if in run-off system)0.5799999833106995132.01.03.00.206859914875695270.59575757299634550.11999999731779099.UNF:6:ntEp9wtFhp777K32OXGQcg==1 if incumbent controls legislative majority0.0.1.00.35656986333757190.00.85185185185185191.0135.0UNF:6:W1CTmgmhYO7MONNNAB8LJQ==1 if incumbent regime emerged from liberation struggle135.00.0.0.1259259259259261.00.00.333001493197979670.0UNF:6:bB4XvJ1StNfjVCGK0la1Iw==1 if incumbent regime is post-conflict0.00.383749503702662135.00.177777777777777760.0.1.00.0UNF:6:zOWUGj8UvcMOE5PQERGg5Q==Posner index of politically relevant ethnic groups132.00.21055163616466490.43999999761581423.0.0.41909090920605460.8000000119209290.0UNF:6:I3A26UN+MHN4l918gF2AYA==Fearon index of ethnic fractionalization0.150786451022000530.953000009059906.4.00.7594198502657068131.00.180000007152557370.7720000147819519UNF:6:zhRV4SkeZjtYYGd8mnH0Ag==log of GDP per capita (constant 2010 US dollar)5.16992712020874134.0.9.8958940505981450.92781308781941041.06.5901937484741216.800992769981498UNF:6:Uh2EPSO6fRxFQqtfmv2yKw==log of total population1.016.206132888793945.16.05181589411265713.1535768508911131.1565801336953947134.019.014766693115234UNF:6:WctHDyZOwqOyBAWdGwoyNQ==log of oil rents as percent of GDP135.00.301467758803456551.5703394147792593.3.89964342117309570.00.0-7.832400798797607UNF:6:JVwqX7+ZV1MNYGIVCJojEQ==percent of population with internet access0.08.3108459254928370.0.135.048.052273750.814.648175000377778UNF:6:mIiDfaXN3e/9Knkj6rSMSA==Freedom House political rights score (reversed scale)3.651851851851852.4.0135.07.00.01.73342262813748851.0UNF:6:aHkl1ZHZ8dpRY5O+eWBlww==VDEM electoral democracy index0.09499999880790710.15627997250707748135.0.0.74400001764297490.4185407425518390.00.4020000100135803UNF:6:Ed1yIeB5zabqpOkxKFt7Dg==VDEM liberal democracy index0.0520000010728836060.26199999451637270.00.6349999904632568135.0.0.15856780079357650.2832074064623426UNF:6:kbGpyt3T8e4kyGTuoKI2fw==VDEM party institutionalization index0.14035723996334780.195999994874000550.85399997234344481.0134.0.0.475582090553952730.46550001204013824UNF:6:/Y3SVTYenhtcvHSbITZJvA==VDEM election free and fair0.0.2.2444444444444454.01.10268780623073412.0135.00.0UNF:6:uQbhgqEBOOiQiQBJ/J/vog==VDEM number of consecutive presidential elections12.02.8473606527040376135.04.0.4.5999999999999990.00.0UNF:6:0z4LU7Af5I7c50DHEcTf5g==VDEM violence in election and campaign-4.551-1.0165671641791045134.0.1.196-0.9780.95477329866625051.0UNF:6:7kOH51V28N4T2uz9xhxwMQ==VDEM disclosure requirements for campaign donations0.0-2.149135.0.1.7720.841310302239611-0.431-0.4366814814814815UNF:6:pcDLdUg7+mSCVpRgDubB3Q==VDEM public financing available for parties/candidates-1.776-0.5060.9522558124465869135.01.579-0.31828888888888890.0.UNF:6:e7HqU3DOD5678VTiymt33g==VDEM publicly financed media access for parties/candidates0.96711791075592421.00.7891194029850747-1.902134.00.89552.418.UNF:6:dlLeJr2f61P9It5xQdKG0g==VDEM paid campaign ads permitted in national media0.93150307581302740.215500000000000021.0-1.469134.02.6740.1367462686567164.UNF:6:sDCG49016Kg2TwXKYB/URA==VDEM paid campaign ads permitted by interest groups/individuals3.0050.39651.0-1.431.134.00.3954552238805970.9286911690404451UNF:6:e2DUvBywGT6/bpvIyQuv0A==VDEM barriers to parties2.6610.0-1.258135.0.0.87331113152694161.14330370370370371.273UNF:6:dNghWaq8/845FtHeEjobIg==VDEM candidate restriction by ethnicity, race, religion, language135.00.45139670231788450.2814814814814814.0.00.00.01.0UNF:6:IEqunGQjTo5ZS+jGUiGqrQ==demeaned version of prescands for Appendix 43.8928042363989940.0259258764761464630.0.-11.333333969116211135.0-0.3333334922790527314.666666030883789UNF:6:FBk6TC/Z5clu1W41qUe79A==demeaned version of opp_prop for Appendix 40.0.0.00.5128204822540283-0.0026433027390373337135.00.16414400975774388-0.5400105118751526UNF:6:CCry6+x5vSA2pCJ8VNvR4w==demeaned version of future_opp_prop for Appendix 40.087.0.0.44995722174644470.12405631767631523-3.1632852946246027E-9-0.2906087934970855748.0UNF:6:kBgIpxonzcJFbWY5MFHH4g==demeaned version of winner_voteshare for Appendix 40.30799996852874756-0.3633333146572113-0.008750006789341569.134.00.1244208235055291.0-7.462686174476236E-4UNF:6:sgvNQrjfPixjuyhrX+y7Og==demeaned version of v2xps_party for Appendix 40.0-0.09833335876464844-2.1128512145708537E-91.0134.0.0.121399968862533570.037658611645802066UNF:6:LkUd3yuMrnEJVF5zKdqYRA==demeaned version of govlegcoal for Appendix 4.5.05.731215880083313E-10-0.3649275600910187-3.472268581390381E-4130.00.128340971072090220.43095237016677856UNF:6:uHm/YMmBN7YwaDz7jeaWUA==demeaned version of party_pastfounder for Appendix 40.0-0.8333333134651184135.0.5.4085696267741845E-90.310672515170621060.750.0UNF:6:onHO042p3l1/eDwqIlEQcQ==demo_subv_adm_code.doapplication/x-stata-syntaxOnline Appendices.pdfapplication/pdf