<codeBook xmlns="ddi:codebook:2_5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="ddi:codebook:2_5 https://ddialliance.org/Specification/DDI-Codebook/2.5/XMLSchema/codebook.xsd" version="2.5"><docDscr><citation><titlStmt><titl>Mirror Trade Database V2 (1948-2021)</titl><IDNo agency="DOI">doi:10.7910/DVN/HOOTBB</IDNo></titlStmt><distStmt><distrbtr source="archive">Harvard Dataverse</distrbtr><distDate>2023-01-09</distDate></distStmt><verStmt source="archive"><version date="2023-03-25" type="RELEASED">2</version></verStmt><biblCit>Linsi, Lukas; Brian Burgoon; Daniel Mügge; Stefan Sliwa Ruiz, 2023, "Mirror Trade Database V2 (1948-2021)", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HOOTBB, Harvard Dataverse, V2, UNF:6:2fzcWFh05IJlupextVCnpA== [fileUNF]</biblCit></citation></docDscr><stdyDscr><citation><titlStmt><titl>Mirror Trade Database V2 (1948-2021)</titl><IDNo agency="DOI">doi:10.7910/DVN/HOOTBB</IDNo></titlStmt><rspStmt><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Groningen">Linsi, Lukas</AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam">Brian Burgoon</AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Amsterdam">Daniel Mügge</AuthEnty><AuthEnty affiliation="University of Groningen">Stefan Sliwa Ruiz</AuthEnty></rspStmt><prodStmt/><distStmt><distrbtr source="archive">Harvard Dataverse</distrbtr><contact affiliation="University of Groningen" email="lukas.linsi@gmail.com">Linsi, Lukas</contact><depositr>Linsi, Lukas</depositr><depDate>2023-01-09</depDate></distStmt><holdings URI="https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HOOTBB"/></citation><stdyInfo><subject><keyword xml:lang="en">Social Sciences</keyword><keyword>trade</keyword></subject><abstract date="2023-01-09">Version 2 of the Mirror Trade Database, covering the years 1948-2021. It contains two databases: one for dyadic (bilateral) trade, and one for monadic (country-level) trade. The databases enable researchers to adjust statistical analyses of international trade flows for mirror trade asymmetries. For all trading relationships, the dyadic database provides two mirror observations of all recorded flows, as well as a quality-weighted average of the two. We recommend checking the robustness of trade-related analyses at the bilateral level by running the analyses using either side of the mirror and the weighted average of the two. The monadic database contains estimates, for each country-year, of the aggregate value of the subset of flows that are observed twice independently by "home" and partner countries, and a derived ABBA factor indicating the size of monadic ABBA discrepancies relative to the size of the trade value. The higher the monadic ABBA factor, the lower the inferred measurement quality. Monadic ABBA factors are available for imports, exports and total trade. The databases are provided in dta and csv format. Variables are defined in the codebook. Furthermore, we provide the do-files with the STATA code that were used to generate the weighed averages and monadic ABBA values. Researchers should feel free to adapt those codes according to their own needs. The rationale of the databases and recommendations for researchers are described in more detail in the underlying journal article published in International Studies Quarterly.</abstract><sumDscr/></stdyInfo><method><dataColl><sources/></dataColl><anlyInfo/></method><dataAccs><setAvail/><useStmt/><notes type="DVN:TOU" level="dv">&lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0">CC0 1.0&lt;/a></notes></dataAccs><othrStdyMat><relPubl><citation><titlStmt><titl>Linsi, L., Burgoon, B., Mügge, D. (2023), "The Problem with Trade Measurement in International Relations", International Studies Quarterly 67(2).</titl><IDNo agency="doi">10.1093/isq/sqad020</IDNo></titlStmt><biblCit>Linsi, L., Burgoon, B., Mügge, D. (2023), "The Problem with Trade Measurement in International Relations", International Studies Quarterly 67(2).</biblCit></citation><ExtLink URI="https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/67/2/sqad020/7085502"/></relPubl></othrStdyMat></stdyDscr><fileDscr ID="f6881102" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6881102"><fileTxt><fileName>mirrortrade_monadic-1.tab</fileName><dimensns><caseQnty>9066</caseQnty><varQnty>12</varQnty></dimensns><fileType>text/tab-separated-values</fileType></fileTxt><notes level="file" type="VDC:UNF" subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint">UNF:6:93vOhg8KwShpzCkY+FQOJQ==</notes><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:FILEDESC" subject="DataFile Description">Mirror Trade Database for monadic (country-level) trade, 1948-2021 [csv]</notes></fileDscr><fileDscr ID="f6881105" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6881105"><fileTxt><fileName>mirrortrade_monadic.tab</fileName><dimensns><caseQnty>9066</caseQnty><varQnty>12</varQnty></dimensns><fileType>text/tab-separated-values</fileType></fileTxt><notes level="file" type="VDC:UNF" subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint">UNF:6:+nwXJ8GGXZD+z8L/jicVIA==</notes><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:FILEDESC" subject="DataFile Description">Mirror Trade Database for monadic (country-level) trade, 1948-2021 [dta]</notes></fileDscr><dataDscr><var ID="v30265408" name="year" intrvl="discrete"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">year</labl><sumStat type="stdev">20.71926573221158</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1993.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2021.0</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">9066.0</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">0.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">1990.0906684315023</sumStat><sumStat type="min">1948.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:TZlQnNiLZ2/D7io8yJDumQ==</notes></var><var ID="v30265417" name="country_name" intrvl="discrete"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">country_name</labl><varFormat type="character"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:1WzKccdMVH8Qh88k1bEZOA==</notes></var><var ID="v30265412" name="country_code" intrvl="discrete"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">country_code</labl><varFormat type="character"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:BzlPMTGYsYD9WvobyTlS/Q==</notes></var><var ID="v30265413" name="mirrorimports_home" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">mirrorimports_home</labl><sumStat type="min">0.0044749998</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1778.8101</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">127.0</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2717247.8</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">142166.27700016965</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">35461.126859875105</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8939.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:iFFv6wZkARarc0GR6RVoog==</notes></var><var ID="v30265414" name="mirrorimports_partners" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">mirrorimports_partners</labl><sumStat type="max">2750836.3</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">132804.61547175155</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">127.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">34057.45842166943</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1890.673</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8939.0</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.0044749998</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:B9pDDBAJ1akqaaG1AKJACA==</notes></var><var ID="v30265410" name="mirrorexports_partners" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">mirrorexports_partners</labl><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8851.0</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">130822.52837809359</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">35772.225698790506</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1588.8433</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2759581.0</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">215.0</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.0060000001</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:GrbEw5yU8yJOmjEZuaEiYA==</notes></var><var ID="v30265406" name="mirrorexports_home" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">mirrorexports_home</labl><sumStat type="max">2853060.8</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">34347.32372444999</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">215.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8851.0</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1196.37</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">126734.98370961846</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.0080000004</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:aAG5AQZIyOtrEjCv3BejSw==</notes></var><var ID="v30265411" name="mirrortrade_home" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">mirrortrade_home</labl><sumStat type="min">0.89999998</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">261252.78585100995</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">3251.99645</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">342.0</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8724.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">70726.49951089801</sumStat><sumStat type="max">4882512.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:pc7qPnNwJHp4AgvnH8TlsQ==</notes></var><var ID="v30265415" name="mirrortrade_partners" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">mirrortrade_partners</labl><sumStat type="mean">70661.9253065539</sumStat><sumStat type="max">4253653.0</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">254197.77917872817</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">3670.39235</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8724.0</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.77999997</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">342.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:tjvY0V7oBoukT00cDvEoPQ==</notes></var><var ID="v30265407" name="importABBA_relimp" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">importABBA_relimp</labl><sumStat type="invd">127.0</sumStat><sumStat type="max">1.9891953</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">0.2459474633572675</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">0.19492476950406162</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">0.11871012</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8939.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:K5d+rUlN8vpG/A4i+1f7qw==</notes></var><var ID="v30265409" name="exportABBA_relexp" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">exportABBA_relexp</labl><sumStat type="mean">0.2669747390209027</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8851.0</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">215.0</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">0.14516278</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">0.3359160216057148</sumStat><sumStat type="max">1.9923156</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:OUTmq3xibHeZZ/FQhpd3tw==</notes></var><var ID="v30265416" name="tradeABBA_reltrade" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881102"/><labl level="variable">tradeABBA_reltrade</labl><sumStat type="invd">342.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">0.1799841243639326</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">0.092751108</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8724.0</sumStat><sumStat type="min">1.6150861E-5</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">0.2504394118991772</sumStat><sumStat type="max">1.990503</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:uapUSjz//6O7E2KHoIbt9g==</notes></var><var ID="v30265395" name="year" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Year</labl><sumStat type="medn">1993.0</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">9066.0</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">20.71926573221158</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="min">1948.0</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2021.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">1990.0906684315023</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">0.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:TZlQnNiLZ2/D7io8yJDumQ==</notes></var><var ID="v30265399" name="country_name" intrvl="discrete"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Country name</labl><varFormat type="character"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:VBmyX4qbLsm6trfH4pOt9Q==</notes></var><var ID="v30265394" name="country_code" intrvl="discrete"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Alpha-2 code</labl><varFormat type="character"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:BzlPMTGYsYD9WvobyTlS/Q==</notes></var><var ID="v30265402" name="mirrorimports_home" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Monadic aggregate mirror imports, home</labl><sumStat type="medn">1778.81005859375</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">142166.2761397795</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.004474999848753214</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">127.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">35461.12677287472</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2717247.75</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8939.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:kL8zGah4Rsk9sWh8o5x8iA==</notes></var><var ID="v30265405" name="mirrorimports_partners" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Monadic aggregate mirror imports, partners</labl><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">132804.61423269185</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">34057.45828778687</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">127.0</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.004474999848753214</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1890.6729736328125</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2750836.25</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8939.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:rMfESyvnmAfrM3W2drvjzw==</notes></var><var ID="v30265403" name="mirrorexports_partners" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Monadic aggregate mirror exports, partners</labl><sumStat type="stdev">130822.52748177442</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2759581.0</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">215.0</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8851.0</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.006000000052154064</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1588.84326171875</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">35772.225594060845</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:FxTz7flhDvAT1Jfu4B0nLA==</notes></var><var ID="v30265396" name="mirrorexports_home" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Monadic aggregate mirror exports, home</labl><sumStat type="invd">215.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="max">2853060.75</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.00800000037997961</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8851.0</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">1196.3699951171875</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">126734.98294838922</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">34347.3236224337</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:I83ZuThHqjiLketTchYA+g==</notes></var><var ID="v30265400" name="mirrortrade_home" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Monadic aggregate mirror trade, home</labl><sumStat type="mean">70726.4991664554</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8724.0</sumStat><sumStat type="max">4882512.0</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">3251.9964599609375</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">342.0</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">261252.78401732497</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.8999999761581421</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:zNMOct0Pxiq8EEqht2RsQA==</notes></var><var ID="v30265398" name="mirrortrade_partners" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">Monadic aggregate mirror trade, partners</labl><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8724.0</sumStat><sumStat type="max">4253653.0</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">254197.77750438312</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">342.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">70661.92497205077</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.7799999713897705</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">3670.392333984375</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:9/O4/9K4VAHv3PkjLu+wbg==</notes></var><var ID="v30265404" name="importABBA_relimp" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">imports ABBA relative to total value of imports (average of home and partner est</labl><sumStat type="vald">8939.0</sumStat><sumStat type="max">1.9891953468322754</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.0</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">127.0</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">0.245947463454813</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">0.11871012300252914</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">0.19492476951999121</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:QbGOjdoLa9nVbA2E+gqNDw==</notes></var><var ID="v30265397" name="exportABBA_relexp" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">exports ABBA relative to total value of exports (average of home and partner est</labl><sumStat type="max">1.992315649986267</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8851.0</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">0.14516277611255646</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">215.0</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">0.26697473906118124</sumStat><sumStat type="min">0.0</sumStat><sumStat type="stdev">0.3359160217484613</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:4wwxlEI+AHn+4O28dsn1Kw==</notes></var><var ID="v30265401" name="tradeABBA_reltrade" intrvl="contin"><location fileid="f6881105"/><labl level="variable">total trade ABBA relative to total value of trade (average of home and partner e</labl><sumStat type="stdev">0.25043941169237355</sumStat><sumStat type="medn">0.09275110810995102</sumStat><sumStat type="mean">0.17998412433044247</sumStat><sumStat type="mode">.</sumStat><sumStat type="invd">342.0</sumStat><sumStat type="min">1.6150861483765766E-5</sumStat><sumStat type="max">1.990502953529358</sumStat><sumStat type="vald">8724.0</sumStat><varFormat type="numeric" formatname="float"/><notes subject="Universal Numeric Fingerprint" level="variable" type="Dataverse:UNF">UNF:6:RBphfhNziLy8Sc04WCahkg==</notes></var></dataDscr><otherMat ID="f6881103" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6881103" level="datafile"><labl>codebook mirror trade database v2.pdf</labl><txt>Codebook describing variables in dyadic and monadic datasets</txt><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:CONTENTTYPE" subject="Content/MIME Type">application/pdf</notes></otherMat><otherMat ID="f6881107" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6881107" level="datafile"><labl>code used to generate monadic values(2).do</labl><txt>STATA do-file used to derive monadic values</txt><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:CONTENTTYPE" subject="Content/MIME Type">application/x-stata-syntax</notes></otherMat><otherMat ID="f6881101" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6881101" level="datafile"><labl>code used to generate weighted averages(1).do</labl><txt>STATA do-file used to generate weighted averages</txt><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:CONTENTTYPE" subject="Content/MIME Type">application/x-stata-syntax</notes></otherMat><otherMat ID="f6990461" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6990461" level="datafile"><labl>LBM trade measurement isq2023.pdf</labl><txt>Journal article in ISQ on which the database builds upon</txt><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:CONTENTTYPE" subject="Content/MIME Type">application/pdf</notes></otherMat><otherMat ID="f6881106" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6881106" level="datafile"><labl>mirrortrade_dyadic.csv</labl><txt>Mirror Trade Database for dyadic (bilateral) trade, 1948-2021 [csv]</txt><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:CONTENTTYPE" subject="Content/MIME Type">text/csv</notes></otherMat><otherMat ID="f6881104" URI="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/6881104" level="datafile"><labl>mirrortrade_dyadic.dta</labl><txt>Mirror Trade Database for dyadic (bilateral) trade, 1948-2021 [dta]</txt><notes level="file" type="DATAVERSE:CONTENTTYPE" subject="Content/MIME Type">application/x-stata-14</notes></otherMat></codeBook>