Replication Data for: Compulsory Voting Increases Men's Turnout Mostdoi:10.7910/DVN/C0VFMHHarvard Dataverse2025-01-301Singh, Shane, 2025, "Replication Data for: Compulsory Voting Increases Men's Turnout Most", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/C0VFMH, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:1TS2dRvJOIqTVIhaNY/DZQ== [fileUNF]Replication Data for: Compulsory Voting Increases Men's Turnout Mostdoi:10.7910/DVN/C0VFMHSingh, ShaneShane SinghHarvard DataverseShane SinghSingh, Shane2024-12-02Social Sciencescompulsory votingEqual turnout fosters equal representation. As such, researchers have long sought to understand what causes gender differences in voter participation. I argue that compulsory voting increases men’s turnout relative to that of women. This is because men are particularly receptive to external incentives, while women are more intrinsically motivated. Within Brazil and across countries, I use administrative data to show that compulsory voting increases men’s turnout most. I also argue that, due to social desirability bias, nonvoting women are most likely to claim to have participated under mandatory voting. With comparisons of official and reported turnout, I demonstrate compulsory voting increases women’s turnout overreporting relative to that of men. By increasing men’s relative turnout, compulsory voting could introduce or accentuate representational disparities in favor of men, and this potentiality can be obscured by survey data.This dataset underwent an independent verification process, complying with the AJPS Verification Policy updated June 2023, which replicated the tables and figures in the primary article. For the supplementary materials, verification was performed solely for the successful execution of the code. The verification process was carried out by the Cornell Center for Social Sciences at Cornell University. <br></br> The associated article has been awarded the Open Materials Badge. Learn more about the Open Practice Badges from the <a href="https://www.cos.io/">Center for Open Science</a>. <br></br> <img src="https://socialsciences.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/2024-04/materials_large_color.png" alt="Open Materials Badge " width="60" height="60"> <br></br> Open Materials BadgeStockemer, Daniel, and Aksel Sundström. 2023. “The Gender Gap in Voter Turnout: An Artefact of Men’s Over-Reporting in Survey Research?” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 25 (1): 21–41.<br></br> Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Joshua Krusell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Natalia Natsika, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Oskar Rydén, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2023. V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset V13: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.<br></br> Brazilian Electoral Study. 2018. CESOP-IBOPE. Survey study no. 04622. https://www.cesop.unicamp.br/eng/banco_de_dados/v/4538<br></br> Brazilian Electoral Study. 2022. CESOP-QUAEST. Survey study no. 04810. https://www.cesop.unicamp.br/eng/banco_de_dados/v/4680<br></br> Superior Electoral Court (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) of Brazil.<br></br> The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 1 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15<br></br> The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 2 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module2.2015-12-15The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 3 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. December 15, 2015 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module3.2015-12-15<br></br> The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 4 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. May 29, 2018 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module4.2018-05-29<br></br> The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (www.cses.org). CSES MODULE 5 FULL RELEASE [dataset]. July 25, 2023 version. doi:10.7804/cses.module5.2023-07-25<br></br> Singh, Shane P. 2022. “2022 Compulsory Voting and Turnout in Brazil Survey Experiment.” Athens, GA: University of Georgia.The <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> and the Cornell Center for Social Sciences are not responsible for the accuracy or quality of data uploaded within the <i>AJPS</i> Dataverse, for the use of those data, or for interpretations or conclusions based on their use.This dataset is made available with limited information on how it can be used. You may wish to communicate with the Contact(s) specified before use.Singh, Shane P. “Compulsory Voting Increases Men’s Turnout Most. American Journal of Political Science.Singh, Shane P. “Compulsory Voting Increases Men’s Turnout Most. American Journal of Political Science.BES.tab3239text/tab-separated-valuesUNF:6:rSn2wweDew1Z6IkWHRrB2Q==Brazil_Survey_Experiment.tab10558text/tab-separated-valuesUNF:6:Ie5C/7ALqm1w4wI34CZOTw==CSES_Modules_1-5.tab29659614text/tab-separated-valuesUNF:6:a8psFwkDBqs+3HzPLvtTMg==Stockemer_Sundstrom_BJPIR.tab7316text/tab-separated-valuesUNF:6:uwppAK+vOSoR7ayl40dmGQ==1 if 18 or over on day of first round election0.01.0323.00.00.38442155997412080.8204334365325078.1.0UNF:6:fw2XAT4V83Jxbmb5JyAIeA==days over age 18 on day of first round election.411.0436.80288239851365-762.00.0323.0386.191950464396261089.0UNF:6:9vGqb8fT28rv3zCdK9jzLA==education on ten-point scale, bounded between 0 and 10.1111111193895340.00.66666662693023680.6216030079790682323.0.0.8888889551162720.12474496000029676UNF:6:f+eWceM/GQi4pVYEmX+Gag==1 if female1.0.323.00.517027863777090.50048531338156150.00.01.0UNF:6:2LGF7BeEzPPD/j1jUzM7zg==household income, higher is more, bounded between 0 and 1102.00.045471935321227070.10728541020422130.00200327811762690540.020455874502658844.221.01.0UNF:6:N6Lkk8lMlPz9Rq5cX9Snrw==religiosity on six-point scale, bounded between 0 and 10.0322.00.35015414272781070.4714285783608509.1.00.40000000596046451.0UNF:6:ngdXS1CHAx49Z4bS5CSHWw==1 if R reported voting0.74303405572755411.00.43763844881372410.00.0323.0.1.0UNF:6:oWARcfqheO4ODPuMcWDmmg==1 if white0.01.00.294303797468354447.0.0.0316.00.4564519719008781UNF:6:X5mDl7CdoWy+qj6aKYRgLw==survey year323.01.95411077727682142019.56037151702782018.0.0.02022.02018.0UNF:6:nClnKDe/nfjv9xGEzDCttw==age in years61.079.038.3380281690140918.037.0.994.011.77048139033971UNF:6:/fYpxjc9txVcFCJRIa2jhg==1 if R was in CV condition; 0 otherwise.0.00.50059171597633131.01.0845.0210.00.5002957705079764UNF:6:nB4o7kiOLvS8Bkfd+BfGYQ==years of education15.014.571844660194170.01030.06.18426036668414925.055.0.UNF:6:3Di3IC8LvZ7jAnYonAuYhA==1 if R passed the treatment-relevant instructional manipulation check210.01.0.0.74082840236686391.00.00.4384394721695723845.0UNF:6:t3PJjJTk27R/zD2nNMunnw==gender0.50185945240734011.00.01.58862559241706161055.0.3.02.01man4392woman6113refuse/other5UNF:6:tGdW1YD7+4afcZtRh5hwkw==1 if R passed the instructional manipulation check1042.01.00.81094049904030710.39174390062904480.013.0.1.0UNF:6:Y3brO9JHXc25AiQCCRTotA==level of income, from none (1) to over R$200,000/year (10)10.06.01757812531.0.6.01024.01.01.8416500935857227UNF:6:dAvHiSA0bxIFLTSNBuZs0A==1 if R reported turnout in 2022 election0.3522405322590122227.01.01.0828.00.0.0.8550724637681159UNF:6:4DVr4E3cMOCVcmPNKzBnCQ==age in years.120.016.016.78712471542341296596.047.2969797300024340.046.0UNF:6:O8i/HqxuCMoZc8l1w4h4sA==identifier for electionUNF:6:NDELmpvemFvpK3poq9b+Aw==numerical identifier for 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of countryUNF:6:GZtKzPE95yqJXb3hNHQBQQ==identifier for election without underscore, full country nameUNF:6:jRYpu4zg1ulh8lxu+DEAAA==compulsory voting scale, Varieties of Democracy v130.00.02.00.00.64456806780371.0.2879438697758865296596.00voluntary voting2424003strong compulsory voting01weak compulsory voting229892medium compulsory voting31207UNF:6:rPZE2fxxops9HMMiEv7bzQ==education constrained to 0 to 10 scale5.0296596.05.0956869064450210.010.0.0.03.021707036258342UNF:6:GRwbTUeP3Q0bpvT40jDdtg==1 if female, 0 if male0.5132975495286412296596.00.0.1.01.00.00.49982398650087956UNF:6:u2PAwDRu0hxqzAZv0BQDoA==household income in quintiles, higher is more0.0296596.05.03.01.01.3904226642687176.2.9508927969358782UNF:6:fYGbVnwParVDXRB+HnapLg==1 if R's country is in Latin America0.11361245600074031.0296596.00.0.0.00.00.3173405195970374UNF:6:hVoxOFI+e8VzT1XwRNaAHg==1 if majoritarian electoral system for lower house, 0 otherwise0.210963735181537330.00.0.0.01.00.40799338088971104296596.0UNF:6:kPd3KBdonPr+tWBedJNv3A==CSES respondent identifierUNF:6:Xyk8OdpT+F8Wm4+NmK667Q==V-Dem's electoral democracy index.0.7890873781170330.1880.9210.00.8650.16290762590655286296596.0UNF:6:gbR5JPdtlyFhYjXReIOCuw==1 if R voted in the main (as classified by CSES) election1.00.35061165791341364296596.00.00.85647142914949670.0.1.0UNF:6:RmX2luCw3XmniCuPURsRyQ==countryUNF:6:2rCf1qcjW4vwmB3ApGIUBg==country and yearUNF:6:vKrjJ5aakULQwlhKwo8kpg==compulsory voting scale, Varieties of Democracy v130.65340694767457642.073.00.356164383561643650.0.0.00.03strong compulsory voting00voluntary voting542medium compulsory voting71weak compulsory voting12UNF:6:QEh3zfynWjreLlXT+8+DZA==1 if R's country is in Latin America0.00.40684777762112830.0.73.01.00.205479452054794560.0UNF:6:qsahukwF2jR4bk3WtdyETw==1 if majoritarian electoral system for lower house, 0 otherwise.0.37318816486149971.00.073.00.00.00.16438356164383577UNF:6:P0gq2eQM/p2f2B95SA4A4A==overeeported turnout rate men minus that of women2.3054794425221337.1.6000000238418583.521792856686140.073.0-7.510.699999809265137UNF:6:r7JsdFmtVTjpabeoUVYn2A==amount of overreported turnout among men9.96027399048413511.201211968735217.0.038.59999847412109473.0-28.08.300000190734863UNF:6:Q4okbqLHWIr2YVHPr6X3xw==actual turnout rate among men minus that of women0.0-1.0-1.5342465826909837.73.05.53.1168992411437553-8.300000190734863UNF:6:0LFJkv6xO5z8vfgjl+rWiQ==actual turnout rate among men14.23511778791736469.60547946250603.0.040.571.1999969482421995.599998474121173.0UNF:6:xTsK6ezDZAuaIyh1g5u74Q==reported turnout rate among men.79.5657531006695582.1999969482421973.012.1890344778594398.00.031.200000762939453UNF:6:UnAyEhR4CI5OLtAL0R/83g==actual turnout rate among women71.1397261423607439.7000007629394513.705298680329175.0.073.072.400001525878995.9000015258789UNF:6:5Ir0ZI7ov3NyptWQ2wJXyg==reported turnout rate among women0.080.8000030517578124.60000038146972773.078.7945205740732798.099998474121112.968893202726932.UNF:6:pMr1Er9MfIdIg3kEda3LXA==V-Dem's electoral democracy index.0.8660.78732876712328770.073.00.2770.16339608104188970.922UNF:6:oW6wZD7Bd1ElPoTP8EHA6w==overeeported turnout rate women minus that of men-2.3054794425221337.73.07.5-1.600000023841858-10.6999998092651373.521792856686140.0UNF:6:A6JxMWGf4FJRlpIJCJ+xMg==amount of overreported turnout among women-32.700000762939457.19999980926513711.2194156428627273.033.099998474121094.0.07.654794494787306UNF:6:M75VLYm8OE5fak/MomO4rg==actual turnout rate among women minus that of men.0.08.3000001907348631.073.01.5342465826909837-5.53.1168992411437553UNF:6:OpaelBOlb7I7IKkO0MMpng==Codebook.pdfapplication/pdfreadme.txttext/plainReplication, Main Text.doapplication/x-stata-syntaxReplication, Supporting Information.doapplication/x-stata-syntaxTSE.dtaapplication/x-stata-14