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We test our arguments through a survey experiment in Pakistan and an analysis of World Values Surveys. The Pakistani experiment confirms that emphasizing the negative consequences of reform lowers incumbent support, while attempts to mitigate this backlash are ineffective. The cross-country data show that populations enduring harsher reform programs report lower satisfaction with national leaders. These findings inform economic voting theories in developing countries and policies regarding political backlash from IMF-backed adjustments."}}]},{"typeName":"subject","multiple":true,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":["Social Sciences"]},{"typeName":"keyword","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"International Monetary Fund"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"policy reform"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"blame-shifting"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"survey experiment"}},{"keywordValue":{"typeName":"keywordValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"World Values Surveys"}}]},{"typeName":"publication","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"publicationCitation":{"typeName":"publicationCitation","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Reinsberg, B., & Abouharb, M. R. (2026). Painful Reforms, Punished Incumbents: The Politics of Economic Adjustment. Journal of Economic Policy Reform."},"publicationIDType":{"typeName":"publicationIDType","multiple":false,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":"doi"},"publicationIDNumber":{"typeName":"publicationIDNumber","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"10.1080/17487870.2026.2654637"},"publicationURL":{"typeName":"publicationURL","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2026.2654637"}}]},{"typeName":"notesText","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"The survey data are available here: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YAM0WX"},{"typeName":"depositor","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Reinsberg, Bernhard"},{"typeName":"dateOfDeposit","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"2026-03-30"}]}},"files":[{"description":"Experimental analysis","label":"GOATRA_PAK_JEPR.do","restricted":false,"version":1,"datasetVersionId":722771,"dataFile":{"id":13638576,"persistentId":"","filename":"GOATRA_PAK_JEPR.do","contentType":"text/x-stata-syntax","friendlyType":"Stata Syntax","filesize":8492,"description":"Experimental analysis","storageIdentifier":"s3://dvn-cloud-iqss:19d431a86b2-05c6f4bf1426","rootDataFileId":-1,"md5":"4f8a7c1a8194811ef3691132b2a1979a","checksum":{"type":"MD5","value":"4f8a7c1a8194811ef3691132b2a1979a"},"tabularData":false,"creationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationDate":"2026-03-31","lastUpdateTime":"2026-03-31T20:42:19Z","fileAccessRequest":true}},{"description":"Observational data analysis","label":"GOATRA_WVS_JEPR.do","restricted":false,"version":1,"datasetVersionId":722771,"dataFile":{"id":13638578,"persistentId":"","filename":"GOATRA_WVS_JEPR.do","contentType":"text/x-stata-syntax","friendlyType":"Stata Syntax","filesize":7694,"description":"Observational data analysis","storageIdentifier":"s3://dvn-cloud-iqss:19d431a87fe-5633ef23b0a1","rootDataFileId":-1,"md5":"12ac750d28e99be90dfefc22b94376d4","checksum":{"type":"MD5","value":"12ac750d28e99be90dfefc22b94376d4"},"tabularData":false,"creationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationDate":"2026-03-31","lastUpdateTime":"2026-03-31T20:42:19Z","fileAccessRequest":true}},{"description":"Observational data ","label":"GOATRA_WVS_JEPR.tab","restricted":false,"version":3,"datasetVersionId":722771,"dataFile":{"id":13638579,"persistentId":"","filename":"GOATRA_WVS_JEPR.tab","contentType":"text/tab-separated-values","friendlyType":"Tab-Delimited","filesize":37008290,"description":"Observational data ","storageIdentifier":"s3://dvn-cloud-iqss:19d431a893f-dc7375a26783","originalFileFormat":"application/x-stata-13","originalFormatLabel":"Stata 13 Binary","originalFileSize":22442598,"originalFileName":"GOATRA_WVS_JEPR.dta","UNF":"UNF:6:qTjQA8asj90/Hb9ygT6XCg==","rootDataFileId":-1,"md5":"8feee18847822c2f658ec659202379db","checksum":{"type":"MD5","value":"8feee18847822c2f658ec659202379db"},"tabularData":true,"creationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationDate":"2026-03-31","lastUpdateTime":"2026-03-31T20:42:19Z","fileAccessRequest":true}},{"label":"Read Me.txt","restricted":false,"version":1,"datasetVersionId":722771,"dataFile":{"id":13638577,"persistentId":"","filename":"Read Me.txt","contentType":"text/plain","friendlyType":"Plain Text","filesize":554,"storageIdentifier":"s3://dvn-cloud-iqss:19d431a8a88-7cea0c8e3cab","rootDataFileId":-1,"md5":"80640dc3e5cdb270d1621ca7ab80da69","checksum":{"type":"MD5","value":"80640dc3e5cdb270d1621ca7ab80da69"},"tabularData":false,"creationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationDate":"2026-03-31","lastUpdateTime":"2026-03-31T20:42:19Z","fileAccessRequest":true}}],"citation":"Reinsberg, Bernhard; Abouharb, Mohammed, 2026, \"Replication Data for: Painful Reforms, Punished Incumbents: The Politics of Economic Adjustment\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V7RQQ4, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:qTjQA8asj90/Hb9ygT6XCg== [fileUNF]"}}