{"id":13628542,"identifier":"DVN/BBS0SH","persistentUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/BBS0SH","protocol":"doi","authority":"10.7910","separator":"/","publisher":"Harvard Dataverse","publicationDate":"2026-03-31","storageIdentifier":"s3://10.7910/DVN/BBS0SH","effectiveDatasetFileCountLimit":1000,"datasetFileUploadsAvailable":999,"datasetType":"dataset","datasetVersion":{"id":722230,"datasetId":13628542,"datasetPersistentId":"doi:10.7910/DVN/BBS0SH","datasetType":"dataset","storageIdentifier":"s3://10.7910/DVN/BBS0SH","versionNumber":1,"internalVersionNumber":9,"versionMinorNumber":0,"versionState":"RELEASED","latestVersionPublishingState":"RELEASED","lastUpdateTime":"2026-03-31T20:28:35Z","releaseTime":"2026-03-31T20:28:35Z","createTime":"2026-03-23T21:15:28Z","publicationDate":"2026-03-31","citationDate":"2026-03-31","effectiveDatasetFileCountLimit":1000,"datasetFileUploadsAvailable":999,"license":{"name":"CC0 1.0","uri":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0","iconUri":"https://licensebuttons.net/p/zero/1.0/88x31.png","rightsIdentifier":"CC0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","languageCode":"en"},"fileAccessRequest":true,"metadataBlocks":{"citation":{"displayName":"Citation Metadata","name":"citation","fields":[{"typeName":"title","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"A Year of Desirable Difficulties: The Impact of Interleaving Math Practice in Nigeria"},{"typeName":"author","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"authorName":{"typeName":"authorName","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Gray-Lobe, Guthrie"},"authorAffiliation":{"typeName":"authorAffiliation","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"University of Chicago"},"authorIdentifierScheme":{"typeName":"authorIdentifierScheme","multiple":false,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":"ORCID"},"authorIdentifier":{"typeName":"authorIdentifier","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-5860","expandedvalue":{"personName":"Gray-Lobe, Guthrie","@id":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-5860","scheme":"ORCID","@type":"https://schema.org/Person"}}}]},{"typeName":"datasetContact","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"datasetContactName":{"typeName":"datasetContactName","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Gray-Lobe, Guthrie"},"datasetContactAffiliation":{"typeName":"datasetContactAffiliation","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"University of Chicago"},"datasetContactEmail":{"typeName":"datasetContactEmail","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"graylobe@uchicago.edu"}}]},{"typeName":"dsDescription","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"dsDescriptionValue":{"typeName":"dsDescriptionValue","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"This paper tests whether increasing students’ exposure to “desirable difficulties” improves learning in real classrooms. In a year-long field experiment in Nigerian primary schools, interleaved math practice raised short-term test performance by 0.28 standard deviations but had no effect on cumulative end-of-year assessments. Gains were concentrated among lower-achieving students, while higher-achieving students saw little or no benefit. The results suggest that strategies that make learning more effortful can boost short-term mastery but may not produce durable improvements, highlighting the limits of applying laboratory-based cognitive interventions at scale."},"dsDescriptionDate":{"typeName":"dsDescriptionDate","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"2026-03-23"}}]},{"typeName":"subject","multiple":true,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":["Social Sciences"]},{"typeName":"publication","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"publicationRelationType":{"typeName":"publicationRelationType","multiple":false,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":"IsSupplementTo"},"publicationCitation":{"typeName":"publicationCitation","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Michael Kremer, Guthrie Gray-Lobe, Joost de Laat, and Lotte van der Haar, \"A Year of Desirable Difficulties: The Impact of Interleaving Math Practice in Nigeria,\" NBER Working Paper 31853 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3386/w31853."},"publicationIDType":{"typeName":"publicationIDType","multiple":false,"typeClass":"controlledVocabulary","value":"url"},"publicationURL":{"typeName":"publicationURL","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"https://www.nber.org/papers/w31853"}}]},{"typeName":"notesText","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"The data are anonymized."},{"typeName":"depositor","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Gray-Lobe, Guthrie"},{"typeName":"dateOfDeposit","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"2026-03-23"}]}},"files":[{"label":"difficulties_replication_package.zip","restricted":false,"version":1,"datasetVersionId":722230,"dataFile":{"id":13628543,"persistentId":"","filename":"difficulties_replication_package.zip","contentType":"application/zip","friendlyType":"ZIP Archive","filesize":1052760,"storageIdentifier":"s3://dvn-cloud-iqss:19d1c8d56d1-0481ef48a751","rootDataFileId":-1,"md5":"76e866ad6da3bd28044a9da230d1c476","checksum":{"type":"MD5","value":"76e866ad6da3bd28044a9da230d1c476"},"tabularData":false,"creationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationDate":"2026-03-31","lastUpdateTime":"2026-03-31T20:28:35Z","fileAccessRequest":true}}],"citation":"Gray-Lobe, Guthrie, 2026, \"A Year of Desirable Difficulties: The Impact of Interleaving Math Practice in Nigeria\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/BBS0SH, Harvard Dataverse, V1"}}