{"@context":{"@language":"en","@vocab":"https://schema.org/","citeAs":"cr:citeAs","column":"cr:column","conformsTo":"dct:conformsTo","cr":"http://mlcommons.org/croissant/","rai":"http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/","data":{"@id":"cr:data","@type":"@json"},"dataType":{"@id":"cr:dataType","@type":"@vocab"},"dct":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","examples":{"@id":"cr:examples","@type":"@json"},"extract":"cr:extract","field":"cr:field","fileProperty":"cr:fileProperty","fileObject":"cr:fileObject","fileSet":"cr:fileSet","format":"cr:format","includes":"cr:includes","isLiveDataset":"cr:isLiveDataset","jsonPath":"cr:jsonPath","key":"cr:key","md5":"cr:md5","parentField":"cr:parentField","path":"cr:path","recordSet":"cr:recordSet","references":"cr:references","regex":"cr:regex","repeated":"cr:repeated","replace":"cr:replace","sc":"https://schema.org/","separator":"cr:separator","source":"cr:source","subField":"cr:subField","transform":"cr:transform","wd":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/"},"@type":"sc:Dataset","conformsTo":"http://mlcommons.org/croissant/1.0","name":"Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.","url":"https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ","creator":[{"@type":"Person","givenName":"Leonardo","familyName":"Arriola","affiliation":{"@type":"Organization","name":"University of California, Berkeley"},"name":"Arriola, Leonardo"},{"@type":"Person","givenName":"Jed","familyName":"DeVaro","affiliation":{"@type":"Organization","name":"California State University, East Bay"},"name":"DeVaro, Jed"},{"@type":"Person","givenName":"Anne","familyName":"Meng","affiliation":{"@type":"Organization","name":"University of Virginia"},"name":"Meng, Anne"}],"description":"Incumbents in electoral regimes often retain power despite having to regularly compete in multiparty elections. We examine a specific channel through which incumbents can seek to prevent the emergence of a strong opposition that might threaten them in future elections. We present a formal model demonstrating that incumbents can strategically induce opposition fragmentation by appointing some opposition members to ministerial cabinet positions. Opposition politicians who have the opportunity to secure a cabinet position in an incumbent’s government tend to compete for office independently rather than coalescing into broad-based parties or electoral alliances. The model shows that weaker incumbents are more likely to rely on this cooptation strategy. Using original data on presidential elections across African countries in 1990-2016, we show that past cooptation of opposition politicians is associated with a more fragmented opposition field in subsequent elections.","keywords":["Social Sciences"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0","datePublished":"2021-07-08","dateModified":"2021-07-08","includedInDataCatalog":{"@type":"DataCatalog","name":"Harvard Dataverse","url":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Harvard Dataverse"},"version":"1.0","citeAs":"@data{DVN/R8TUOQ_2021,author = {Arriola, Leonardo and DeVaro, Jed and Meng, Anne},publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},title = {Replication Data for: Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.},year = {2021},url = {https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/R8TUOQ}}","citation":[{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Arriola, Leonardo, Jed DeVaro, and Anne Meng. 2021. \"Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.\" American Political Science Review, 1-15. ​","@id":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000629","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000629","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000629"}],"distribution":[{"@type":"cr:FileObject","@id":"demo_subv_adm_code.do","name":"demo_subv_adm_code.do","encodingFormat":"application/x-stata-syntax","md5":"ce6d5a52e1882a2cc7510a4f7448c85a","contentSize":"23856","description":"","contentUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/4788679"},{"@type":"cr:FileObject","@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta","name":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta","encodingFormat":"application/x-stata-14","md5":"849beae41767b7d8d121c7488585921d","contentSize":"167545","description":"","contentUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/4788678?format=original"},{"@type":"cr:FileObject","@id":"Online Appendices.pdf","name":"Online Appendices.pdf","encodingFormat":"application/pdf","md5":"53b4a77682c2d7f1f4a5bdabe9b609f9","contentSize":"482105","description":"","contentUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/4790210"}],"recordSet":[{"@type":"cr:RecordSet","field":[{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"country","description":"country name","dataType":"sc:Text","source":{"@id":"24752278","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"country"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"ccode","description":"country numeric code","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752261","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"ccode"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"year","description":"year of presidential election","dataType":"sc:Text","source":{"@id":"24752289","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"year"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"prescands","description":"total number of presidential candidates running in election","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752284","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"prescands"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"lag_prescands","description":"lag of prescands","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752299","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"lag_prescands"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"prescands05pct","description":"number of presidential candidates with &gt;=.05pct vote share","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752309","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"prescands05pct"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"prescands1pct","description":"number of presidential candidates with &gt;=1pct vote share","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752291","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"prescands1pct"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"opp_dummy","description":"1 for opposition participation in cabinet","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752288","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"opp_dummy"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"opp_prop","description":"opposition proportion of cabinet","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752275","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"opp_prop"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"future_opp_prop","description":"opposition proportion of cabinet in next incumbent spell","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752296","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"future_opp_prop"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"party_pastfounder","description":"incumbent party survives beyond founding leader","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752281","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"party_pastfounder"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"govlegcoal","description":"proportion of legislative seats controlled by incumbent","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752295","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"govlegcoal"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"avgseats","description":"average number of cabinet seats in incumbent spell","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752303","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"avgseats"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"trs50","description":"1 for presidential runoff system","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752298","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"trs50"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"boycott","description":"1 for election boycott","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752265","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"boycott"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"secround","description":"1 if election goes to second round","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752269","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"secround"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"count","description":"count of post-Cold War presidential elections","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752307","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"count"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"winner_voteshare","description":"vote share of election winner (first round if in run-off system)","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752286","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"winner_voteshare"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"incumb_win","description":"1 if incumbent or designated successor wins election","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752280","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"incumb_win"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"incumb_vote","description":"incumbent vote share  (first round if in run-off system)","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752305","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"incumb_vote"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"dominantparty","description":"1 if incumbent controls legislative majority","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752302","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"dominantparty"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"liberation","description":"1 if incumbent regime emerged from liberation struggle","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752294","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"liberation"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"rebel_notlib","description":"1 if incumbent regime is post-conflict","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752277","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"rebel_notlib"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"ethposner","description":"Posner index of politically relevant ethnic groups","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752274","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"ethposner"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"ethfearon","description":"Fearon index of ethnic fractionalization","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752283","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"ethfearon"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"lngdp","description":"log of GDP per capita (constant 2010 US dollar)","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752293","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"lngdp"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"lnpop","description":"log of total population","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752308","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"lnpop"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"ln_oil","description":"log of oil rents as percent of GDP","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752279","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"ln_oil"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"wdi_internet","description":"percent of population with internet access","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752268","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"wdi_internet"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"reve_fh_pr","description":"Freedom House political rights score (reversed scale)","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752273","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"reve_fh_pr"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2x_polyarchy","description":"VDEM electoral democracy index","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752300","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2x_polyarchy"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2x_libdem","description":"VDEM liberal democracy index","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752264","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2x_libdem"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2xps_party","description":"VDEM party institutionalization index","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752270","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2xps_party"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elfrfair_ord","description":"VDEM election free and fair","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752262","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elfrfair_ord"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elprescons","description":"VDEM number of consecutive presidential elections","dataType":"sc:Integer","source":{"@id":"24752304","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elprescons"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elpeace","description":"VDEM violence in election and campaign","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752290","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elpeace"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2eldonate","description":"VDEM disclosure requirements for campaign donations","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752282","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2eldonate"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elpubfin","description":"VDEM public financing available for parties/candidates","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752267","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elpubfin"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elfrcamp","description":"VDEM publicly financed media access for parties/candidates","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752271","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elfrcamp"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elpdcamp","description":"VDEM paid campaign ads permitted in national media","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752292","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elpdcamp"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elpaidig","description":"VDEM paid campaign ads permitted by interest groups/individuals","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752287","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elpaidig"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2psbars","description":"VDEM barriers to parties","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752272","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2psbars"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"v2elrstrct_v2","description":"VDEM candidate restriction by ethnicity, race, religion, language","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752263","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"v2elrstrct_v2"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"diff_pres","description":"demeaned version of prescands for Appendix 4","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752301","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"diff_pres"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"diff_opp","description":"demeaned version of opp_prop for Appendix 4","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752285","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"diff_opp"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"diff_future_opp","description":"demeaned version of future_opp_prop for Appendix 4","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752266","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"diff_future_opp"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"diff_winner","description":"demeaned version of winner_voteshare for Appendix 4","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752276","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"diff_winner"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"diff_partysystem","description":"demeaned version of v2xps_party for Appendix 4","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752306","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"diff_partysystem"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"diff_govlegcoal","description":"demeaned version of govlegcoal for Appendix 4","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752297","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"diff_govlegcoal"}}},{"@type":"cr:Field","name":"diff_founderparty","description":"demeaned version of party_pastfounder for Appendix 4","dataType":"sc:Float","source":{"@id":"24752310","fileObject":{"@id":"demo_subv_adm_data.dta"},"extract":{"column":"diff_founderparty"}}}]}]}