{"@context":{"@language":"en","@vocab":"https://schema.org/","citeAs":"cr:citeAs","column":"cr:column","conformsTo":"dct:conformsTo","cr":"http://mlcommons.org/croissant/","rai":"http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/","data":{"@id":"cr:data","@type":"@json"},"dataType":{"@id":"cr:dataType","@type":"@vocab"},"dct":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","examples":{"@id":"cr:examples","@type":"@json"},"extract":"cr:extract","field":"cr:field","fileProperty":"cr:fileProperty","fileObject":"cr:fileObject","fileSet":"cr:fileSet","format":"cr:format","includes":"cr:includes","isLiveDataset":"cr:isLiveDataset","jsonPath":"cr:jsonPath","key":"cr:key","md5":"cr:md5","parentField":"cr:parentField","path":"cr:path","recordSet":"cr:recordSet","references":"cr:references","regex":"cr:regex","repeated":"cr:repeated","replace":"cr:replace","sc":"https://schema.org/","separator":"cr:separator","source":"cr:source","subField":"cr:subField","transform":"cr:transform","wd":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/"},"@type":"sc:Dataset","conformsTo":"http://mlcommons.org/croissant/1.0","name":"Multilevel Lobbying and Governance: How Political Actors’ Interactions Shape EU Legislative Duration","url":"https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/1UCSJU","creator":[{"@type":"Person","givenName":"Yuxuan","familyName":"Lei","affiliation":{"@type":"Organization","name":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09"},"name":"Lei, Yuxuan"}],"description":"This dataset compiles information on European Union legislative proposals and associated public consultations in order to examine the relationship between interest group participation, institutional dynamics, and legislative decision-making duration. The dataset integrates information on legislative procedures, public consultation activities, interest group responses, and institutional variables, enabling systematic analysis of the policymaking process within the European Union. The unit of analysis is an individual legislative proposal and its associated public consultation process. For each proposal, the dataset records basic descriptive information including the consultation title, whether the consultation is directly related to a legislative initiative, the official title or code of the legislative proposal, and the web link to the consultation or legislative documentation. Temporal variables capture the date the consultation or legislative file was created and the date the legislation was finally adopted. Based on these dates, the dataset calculates the legislative duration, which serves as an indicator of decision-making speed within the legislative process. Additional procedural variables include the number of amendments proposed by the European Parliament during the first reading stage and the time span of the public consultation period, allowing researchers to examine how consultation timing relates to legislative progress. A central component of the dataset focuses on the participation and preferences of interest groups in public consultations organized by the European Commission. The dataset identifies the organizational affiliation of respondents and categorizes them into different interest group types, particularly distinguishing between resource-rich groups (e.g., business associations, large firms, or well-funded organizations) and resource-poor groups (e.g., civil society organizations, NGOs, or smaller advocacy groups). For each consultation, the dataset records the sentiment expressed by participating groups toward the legislative proposal, including the number of responses supporting the proposal and the number opposing it. The data further disaggregate opposition responses by group type, enabling comparisons between resource-rich and resource-poor actors in terms of their preferences and influence. The dataset also incorporates several contextual variables related to institutional and political conditions in the European Union legislative process. These include indicators of member state preference alignment derived from the classification of items on the Council agenda, distinguishing between cases with greater preference homogeneity and those with greater preference heterogeneity. Additional institutional variables capture legislative complexity, institutional turnover related to parliamentary cycles, and an indicator for the period affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The dataset also records the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union, which may influence legislative priorities and negotiation dynamics. To account for policy variation across legislative domains, the dataset includes categorical indicators for policy areas corresponding to European Commission Directorates-General. Sixteen policy sectors are represented, including internal market and services, environment, competition, energy and transport, taxation and customs union, health and consumer protection, justice and security, education and culture, maritime affairs and fisheries, research, economic and financial affairs, budget, and migration and asylum. These classifications allow comparative analysis across policy fields. Overall, the dataset provides a structured resource for studying the interaction between public consultation participation, interest group preferences, and legislative outcomes in the European Union. It is particularly suited for quantitative analyses of legislative duration, lobbying influence, and institutional decision-making dynamics. Researchers in political science, public policy, and European studies may use the dataset to explore how consultation feedback, interest group resources, and institutional factors shape the speed and trajectory of EU legislative processes.","keywords":["Social Sciences","European Union Policy-Making"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0","datePublished":"2026-03-13","dateModified":"2026-03-13","includedInDataCatalog":{"@type":"DataCatalog","name":"Harvard Dataverse","url":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Harvard Dataverse"},"version":"1.0","citeAs":"@data{DVN/1UCSJU_2026,author = {Lei, Yuxuan},publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},title = {Multilevel Lobbying and Governance: How Political Actors’ Interactions Shape EU Legislative Duration},year = {2026},url = {https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/1UCSJU}}","citation":[{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Lei, Yuxuan. 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