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In our analysis, we identified over 1.3 million genetic relatives of the St. Mary’s individuals among consenting research participants in the 23andMe Research Institute’s database. We found high rates of genetic sharing with participants from western England and Wales, suggesting a likely place of origin for many of the colonial city’s earliest inhabitants. Additionally, we observed strong genetic connections with participants from Kentucky, mirroring a recorded post-Revolutionary War migration of Maryland Catholics to that region. By further integrating genealogical information from present-day research participants who share the closest genetic connections to the St. Mary’s individuals, we propose possible identities for three sequenced historical St. Mary’s City residents, including Thomas Greene, the second governor of the colony of Maryland. This unique case study highlights the power of genetics to restore lost identities to the historical record and reconstruct ancestral relationships by tracing localized signals of biogeographical ancestry."},"author":{"citation:authorName":"Harney, Eadaoin","citation:authorAffiliation":"23andMe"},"citation:datasetContact":{"citation:datasetContactName":"Harney, Eadaoin","citation:datasetContactAffiliation":"23andMe","citation:datasetContactEmail":"eadaoinharney@gmail.com"},"title":"The Genetic Legacy of the 17th-Century American Colony of St. Mary’s City, Maryland","citation:depositor":"Harney, Eadaoin","subject":"Medicine, Health and Life Sciences","dateOfDeposit":"2026-03-26","@id":"https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6IHEYQ","@type":["ore:Aggregation","schema:Dataset"],"schema:version":"1.0","schema:name":"The Genetic Legacy of the 17th-Century American Colony of St. Mary’s City, Maryland","schema:dateModified":"Tue Mar 31 15:11:04 EDT 2026","schema:datePublished":"2026-03-31","schema:creativeWorkStatus":"RELEASED","schema:license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0","dvcore:fileTermsOfAccess":{"dvcore:fileRequestAccess":true},"schema:includedInDataCatalog":"Harvard Dataverse","schema:isPartOf":{"schema:name":"David Reich Lab Dataverse","@id":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/reich_lab","schema:description":"Datasets in this collection support research conducted in the David Reich Lab at Harvard Medical School: <a href=\"https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/\"> https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/</a>","schema:isPartOf":{"schema:name":"Harvard Dataverse","@id":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/harvard","schema:description":"<span><span><span><h3>Share, archive, and get credit for your data. 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Additionally, you may find sequence data for these individuals in the European Nucleotide Archive (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/) under the following accession numbers: \n- Philip Calvert and his infant son: PRJEB16735 \n- 46 other St. Mary's individuals: PRJEB110565","schema:name":"Harney_etal_2026_StMarys.tar.gz","dvcore:restricted":false,"schema:version":1,"dvcore:datasetVersionId":722561,"@id":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=13633235","schema:sameAs":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/13633235","@type":"ore:AggregatedResource","schema:fileFormat":"application/x-gzip","dvcore:filesize":53311029,"dvcore:storageIdentifier":"s3xxxxl://dvn-cloud-iqss:19d2a887cbf-99c0cb048fe2","dvcore:rootDataFileId":-1,"dvcore:checksum":{"@type":"MD5","@value":"4a1c582443491abfb9102de97bc5965e"}}],"schema:hasPart":["https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=13633235"]},"@context":{"author":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator","citation":"https://dataverse.org/schema/citation/","content":"@value","dateOfDeposit":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/dateSubmitted","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","dvcore":"https://dataverse.org/schema/core#","lang":"@language","ore":"http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/","publication":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/isReferencedBy","publicationCitation":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation","publicationRelationType":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4/simpleTypes#relationType","schema":"http://schema.org/","scheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","subject":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject","termName":"https://schema.org/name","title":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"}}