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How and to which countries do states distribute aid amidst a global crisis and great power rivalry? This article integrates multiple literatures and presents a novel typology of strategies: preserving existing partnerships, pressuring opponents, protecting recipients based on need, and peeling off countries from geopolitical rivals. It analyzes how the US and China distributed life-saving COVID-19 vaccines through 2021-2022. Regression results and Bayesian reasoning of original elite interviews suggest the US approach is characterized by protecting and peeling, while patterns of Chinese distribution suggest a combination of pressuring, preserving, and protecting. Case studies of Paraguay and Nicaragua – historic allies of Taiwan - further support these conclusions. 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