10.7910/DVN/6JTSAF Bowles, Jeremy UCL (University College London) Koehler-Derrick, Gabriel Gabriel Koehler-Derrick New York University Abu Dhabi Olson, Michael Michael Olson Washington University in St. Louis Harvard Dataverse 2026 Social Sciences Bowles, Jeremy UCL (University College London) 2026-05-09 2026-06-03 2758019 127926 16019 13434 17831 5250 1229 647194 60810 145 356 5785432 145 8847344 2724 742 40228 73267340 17510164 145 2870850 145 132 5961 5524 6963 402530 6370 826637 393473 943495 4890 1904 2206 1958 5410 3529 3428 2271 7563 4967 1953 1452 3630 3018 1173 759 8799 2786 application/pdf application/pdf application/x-tex type/x-r-syntax text/x-stata-syntax application/dbf text/tab-separated-values application/dbf application/dbf application/prj application/shx application/shp application/prj application/shp application/shx application/dbf application/shx application/shp application/shp application/prj text/tab-separated-values application/prj application/shx application/pdf application/pdf application/pdf image/jpeg application/pdf image/jpeg image/jpeg image/jpeg application/pdf application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex application/x-tex text/plain 1.0 Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. Violent upheavals in landownership following conquest often change not only the concentration of land across individuals, but also the inequality of its distribution between groups. We argue that variation in landowners’ group identity has important implications for the provision of local public goods. We test this claim by studying the aftermath of the Cromwellian Settlement in 17th century Ireland. Leveraging the lottery-based allocation of expropriated Catholic land to distinct groups of English Protestants, we find significant local variation in the extent of Protestant landownership. Drawing on rich original data, we find fewer local public goods in the long run in areas with more Protestant elites, with the largest reductions in goods that were either directly elite-funded or disproportionately benefited the Catholic majority. The results illustrate how conquest reshapes not just institutions but also long-run local inequalities, and highlight the distinct consequences of between-group inequality for the provision of public goods.