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During the same era, multilateral openness has grown to unprecedented heights, spurred by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). If the cornerstone of the manifestly successful multilateral regime is nondiscrimination, why have its members increasingly resorted to preferential liberalization? We argue that developments at the heart of GATT/WTO encourage its members to form PTAs as devices to obtain bargaining l\neverage within the multilateral regime+ Specifically, the growth in GATT/WTO membership, the periodic multilateral trade negotiation rounds, as well as participation and, especially, losses in formal GATT/WTO disputes, have led its members to seek entrance into PTAs. Conducting the first statistical tests on the subject, we find strong evidence in support of this argument."}}]},{"typeName":"publication","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"publicationCitation":{"typeName":"publicationCitation","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Edward D. Mansfield, Eric Reinhardt. 2003. “Multilateral Determinants of Regionalism: The Effects of GATT/WTO on the Formation of Preferential Trading Arrangements,” International Organization 57:4, 829-862. <a href=\"http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~erein/research/pta.pdf\" target= \"_new\"> article available here </a>"}}]},{"typeName":"producer","multiple":true,"typeClass":"compound","value":[{"producerName":{"typeName":"producerName","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"Eric Reinhardt"},"producerURL":{"typeName":"producerURL","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"http://userwww.service.emory.edu/~erein/"},"producerLogoURL":{"typeName":"producerLogoURL","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Emory_U_Logo.svg/205px-Emory_U_Logo.svg.png"}}]},{"typeName":"productionDate","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"2003"},{"typeName":"distributionDate","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"2007"},{"typeName":"dateOfDeposit","multiple":false,"typeClass":"primitive","value":"2007"}]}},"files":[{"description":"Stata 8.0 program to produce results on page 854\r ","label":"mansfield-reinhardt-2003-b.do","restricted":false,"version":1,"datasetVersionId":55762,"categories":["3. 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